覆膜免耕和灌水量对西北绿洲灌区玉米产量及光合特性的影响  

Effects of no-tillage with plastic film and the amount of irrigation water on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of maize in oasis irrigation area of Northwest China

作　　者：王岩 白春生 李波 范虹 何蔚 杨莉莉 曹悦 赵财[1] WANG Yan;BAI Chun-Sheng;LI Bo;FAN Hong;HE Wei;YANG Li-Li;CAO Yue;ZHAO Cai(State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science/College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China)

机构地区：[1]省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《作物学报》2025年第3期755-770,共16页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2301104);甘肃省科技重大专项(23ZDNA008)资助。

摘　　要：探究不同耕作措施及灌水量对玉米产量及光合特性的影响,为绿洲灌区玉米覆膜节水管理技术提供理论支撑和实践指导。本研究基于2014年在甘肃农业大学武威绿洲农业综合试验站布设的长期定位试验,采用裂区试验设计,主区设覆膜免耕(NT)和传统覆膜耕作(CT)2种耕作措施;副区设低灌水量(I1,4500 m^(3)hm^(-2))、中灌水量(I2,4950m^(3)hm^(-2))和高灌水量(I3,5400 m^(3)hm^(-2))3种灌水量,于2022年和2023年测定了玉米籽粒产量、叶片光合参数及光合关键酶活性。结果表明:NT较CT玉米籽粒产量显著增加7.9%;玉米籽粒产量随灌水量降低呈减少趋势,但覆膜免耕中灌水量处理(NTI2)可保持与覆膜免耕高灌水量处理(NTI3)相当的玉米籽粒产量,较传统覆膜耕作中灌水量处理(CTI2)显著增加8.0%。吐丝期至蜡熟期,与CT相比,NT处理中玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量(SPAD)和净光合速率(P_(n))分别提高6.7%~9.5%、5.8%~7.0%和5.6%~9.9%;与I3相比,I1处理中玉米LAI、SPAD和P_(n)显著降低,但I2与I3处理之间差异不显著;NTI2处理中LAI、SPAD和P_(n)与NTI3差异不显著,但较CTI2分别显著提高9.1%~10.5%、7.5%~9.5%和7.1%~12.4%。吐丝期至灌浆期,NT较CT玉米叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)活性分别显著提高5.4%~8.0%和5.6%~8.8%;不同灌水量之间,I1较I3处理玉米叶片PEPC和Rubisco活性显著降低,但I2和I3间差异不显著;NTI2玉米叶片PEPC活性最高,较CTI2显著提高5.8%~8.8%;NTI2玉米叶片Rubisco活性较CTI2显著提高6.3%~11.6%。结构方程模型(SEM)综合表明,在中灌水量条件下,覆膜免耕较传统覆膜耕作可有效改善玉米生育中后期的光合性能,增加单位面积穗数及千粒重,进而提高籽粒产量。因此,覆膜免耕结合中灌水量(4950 m^(3)hm^(-2))可推荐为西北绿洲灌区的玉米农田覆膜节水管理技术。This study investigates the effects of different tillage practices and the amounts of irrigation water on maize yield and photosynthetic characteristics,aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for water-saving management in maize cultivation using plastic film mulching in oasis irrigation areas.The research is based on a long-term field experiment conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University,starting in 2014.A split-plot experimental design was employed,with two tillage practices in the main plots:no-tillage with plastic film(NT)and conventional tillage with plastic film(CT).The sub-plots were assigned three amounts of irrigation water:low(I1,4500 m^(3) hm^(-2)),medium(I2,4950 m^(3) hm^(-2))and high(I3,5400 m^(3) hm^(-2)).Grain yield,leaf photosynthetic parameters,and key photosynthetic enzyme activities in maize were measured in 2022 and 2023.The results showed that grain yield under NT was significantly higher than CT by 7.9%.Although maize yield decreased with reduced the amounts of irrigation water,the NTI2 treatment yielded similarly to NTI3 and was 8.0%higher than CTI2.From the silking to dough stage,the leaf area index(LAI),chlorophyll content(SPAD),and net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))in NT increased by 6.7%-9.5%,5.8%-7.0%,and 5.6%-9.9%,respectively,compared to CT.While LAI,SPAD,and P_(n) were significantly lower in the I1 treatment compared to I3,there were no significant differences between I2 and I3.Similarly,no significant differences were observed between NTI2 and NTI3 for these parameters,but they were 9.1%-10.5%,7.5%-9.5%,and 7.1%-12.4%higher,respectively,than CTI2.The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC)and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Rubisco)in NT were 5.4%-8.0%and 5.6%-8.8%higher,respectively,than in CT from the silking to filling stages.Among the amounts of irrigation water,PEPC and Rubisco activities were significantly lower in I1 than in I3,but no significant differences were found betw

关 键 词：玉米 覆膜免耕 灌水量 光合特性 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]