论最高人民法院司法解释的宪法定位  

On the Constitutional Status of Judicial Interpretation of Supreme People's Court

作　　者：钱坤 Qian Kun

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2025年第1期115-135,共21页Law and Social Development

基　　金：国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZB20230010);中国博士后基金面上项目“全国人大与全国人大常委会宪法关系研究”(2023M740058)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：我国法律解释体制具有一元、两阶、多头的特征,形成了包含立法性解释与应用性解释的多维格局。两种解释关系的含混导致了对最高人民法院司法解释性质等问题的争议。为全国人大常委会所独有的立法性解释附随于立法权,具有与法律相当的性质与效力;应用性解释虽在法理论上具有规则创制的性质,但在实在法体系中不应被视作立法权的行使,其本质上是上级对下级工作领导或指导的一部分,效力形态取决于制定机关在本权力单元内部的权威。当下对司法解释“法规化”的主张忽视了法律解释的制度语境,其基于默示认可与权力转授的证成难以得到宪法规范的支持。最高人民法院司法解释属于应用性法律解释。其中狭义的司法解释应回归“法适用”属性,以审判监督权为制度依托实现指导而非领导的功能;广义的司法解释应当分流,其中涉及的审判规则、司法行政规则等应适度法规化。The system of legal interpretation is characterized by a unified,two-tiered,and multi-headed structure,forming a multidimensional framework that includes both legislative interpretation and applicative interpretation.The ambiguity between these two types of interpretation has led to debates over issues such as the nature of judicial interpretation of Supreme People's Court.Legislative interpretation,which is exclusively held by Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,is attached to legislative power and has a nature and effect equivalent to the law.Although applicative interpretation theoretically involves rule-making,it should not be considered as an exercise of legislative power within the positive legal system.Essentially,it is part of the direction or guidance by a higher authority over the lower,and its form of validity depends on the authority within the given power unit of the body.The current advocacy for the legalization of judicial interpretation overlooks the institutional context of legal interpretation,and its justification based on implied recognition and delegated power cannot find legal ground within the constitutional framework.Judicial interpretation of Supreme People's Court belongs to the category of applicative legal interpretation.Judicial interpretation in strict sense should return to its attribute of“legal application”,relying on the adjudication supervision to achieve a guiding rather than directing function.Judicial interpretation in broader sense should be divided,and appropriately legalized with the adjudication rules and judicial administrative rules.

关 键 词：法律解释 司法解释 全国人大常委会 最高人民法院 审判监督 

分 类 号：D926.21[政治法律—法学] D921