国家人权义务时空扩张的影响  

Impact of Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Human Rights Obligations of the State

作　　者：于亮 Yu Liang

机构地区：[1]天津大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2025年第1期36-54,共19页Law Science

摘　　要：“空间”和“时间”提供了观察国际人权法理论和实践进展的新视角。在当代社会,被誉为“活的法”的国际人权法在空间和时间两个维度都呈现扩张趋势,分别表现为域外人权义务和未来世代人权的理论与实践。域外人权义务要求国家在开展海外行动时尊重和保障人权,或防止本土行为的域外影响;未来世代人权则要求国家采取行动时考虑未来人的利益诉求,防范当代的集体非理性决策。目前,国家人权义务时空扩张趋势主要在国际人权法这个自足体系内发展,其成为一般国际法核心命题的可能性有限。两种趋势本身具有道德话语层面的正当性,但其实质是“自下而上”产生的权利诉求,有可能侵蚀基于国家同意原则的国际法律秩序。由于人权议题易被政治操弄,两种趋势可能给我国带来不同程度的影响。域外人权义务路径既可能带来有利影响,也可能带来不利影响。未来世代人权的理论思潮与实践并不直接针对中国,但西方学者观点中存在的两个内在缺陷可能不成比例地影响我国。作为回应,我国既要彰显负责任大国的良好形象,又要为我国的发展利益预留足够的政策空间。“Space”and“time”provide a new perspective for observing the recent process of international human rights law theory and practice.International human rights law,often described as“living instruments”,has shown a great trend of spacial and temporal expansion,respectively in the form of extraterritorial human rights obligations and the human rights of future generations.A State,according to its extraterritorial human rights obligations,is required to respect and to secure the human rights in its action or omission abroad,or is required to prevent its territorial acts from affecting human rights abroad.The human rights of future generations require a State to behave for the interests of future human beings in order to avoid irrational decisions.For the time being,these two trends are mainly developed in the selfcontained regime concerning human rights,and they are unlikely to become the mainstream proposition in general international law.These two trends are morally legitimate,although they are essentially a bottomup approach and are challenging the current international law regime which is based on State consent.They may have significant impacts on China to different extents due to the political manipulation of human rights discourse.In relation to extraterritorial human rights obligations,China may face both positive and negative influence.The theory and practice of the human rights of future generations were not originally aimed at China,but the western ways of interpretation,which is inherently deficient at two points,may disproportionately impact China.As a strategy for response,China needs to show its good reputation as a responsible State on the one hand,and to reserve enough policy space for its future developments on the other hand.

关 键 词：国际人权法 域外人权义务 未来世代人权 时空扩张 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]