硼毒害引发的核桃焦叶症与尿素的缓解作用研究  

Study on the Juglans Leaf Necrosis Caused by Boron Toxicity and the Mitigating Effect of Urea

作　　者：周志豪 赵喆 李宝鑫 王春燕 张亮 梁兆林 白永超 周荣飞 裴东[1] ZHOU Zhi-hao;ZHAO Zhe;LI Bao-xin;WANG Chun-yan;ZHANG Liang;LIANG Zhao-lin;BAI Yong-chao;ZHOU Rong-fei;PEI Dong(Research Institute of Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing,100091,China;Forestry and Fruit Industry Technical Extension and Service Center,Turpan 838000,Xinjiang,China;Hotan Area Forestry and Grassland Bureau,Hotan 844000,Xinjiang,China;Forest and Fruit Industry Work station,Kashgar 844000,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京100091 [2]吐鲁番市林果业技术推广服务中心,新疆吐鲁番838000 [3]和田地区林业和草原局,新疆和田848000 [4]喀什地区林果产业工作站,新疆喀什844000

出　　处：《林业科学研究》2025年第1期14-27,共14页Forest Research

基　　金：新疆维吾尔自治区“揭榜挂帅”项目。

摘　　要：[目的]明确灌溉水诱发核桃硼毒害的阈值,探究硼毒害对叶片表型、矿质元素和生理特性的影响,研究硼毒害初期施用尿素对焦叶症发生的缓解作用,为新疆核桃焦叶症的防控提供依据。[方法]在连续调查南疆硼毒害核桃果园的灌溉水质、土肥管理及对产量影响等的基础上,开展温室重演试验,选取长势均一的1月龄‘温185’幼苗,以硼酸为硼源,设置不同浓度硼溶液(0.1、0.2、1、10、50、100 mg·L^(-1))为实验组,以纯净水处理作对照组,观测并统计叶片发病情况;大田试验是以新疆喀什地区叶城县灌溉水质优良的健康果园中10年生‘温185’为研究对象,采用随机区组设计,设置不同灌施硼处理SP1(250 g·株^(-1))、SP2(500 g·株^(-1))、SP3(1000 g·株^(-1))和SP4(2000 g·株^(-1)),与0.5%硼-0.2%尿素联用喷施处理B3(施3次硼)、B6(施6次硼)、B3N(施3次硼后再喷3次尿素)、B6N(施6次硼后再喷3次尿素),以及农户常规管理(CK),测定不同处理下叶缘和叶心中硼、磷、钾、锌与铁元素含量。[结果]当长期灌溉硼含量超过0.2 mg·L^(-1)的水时,可诱发成幼龄核桃发生焦叶现象;主要表现为树体的下部成熟叶先焦枯,并逐渐向上部嫩叶蔓延;单个叶片上叶尖和叶缘首先出现褐色点状斑,伴随着叶脉间规律的条形带状失绿,逐步向叶心蔓延,直至整叶焦枯。随着施硼量的增加,硼元素在叶片内大量积累,尤其在叶缘处,SP4处理下核桃叶缘硼含量高达CK的4.14倍,同时显著提高了叶片的磷、锌、铁元素含量,降低了叶片钾元素的含量。在叶缘硼含量低于360 mg·kg^(-1)时喷施0.2%尿素可以有效降低叶片内硼积累,减轻核桃焦叶症发病程度。[结论]核桃属于硼敏感型植物,硼毒害是诱发核桃焦叶症的重要因子之一。硼因焦叶症与氯因焦叶症叶片表型特征有所不同,主要体现在叶脉间是否出现较规律的条形带状失绿。硼的大量积累影响�[Objective]The threshold value of boron toxicity induced by irrigation water in walnut was clarified.The effect of boron toxicity on leaf phenotypes,mineral elements and physiological characteristics was determined.The alleviating effect of urea application on the early stage Juglans leaf necrosis caused by boron toxicity was studied,which provides a base for the control of Juglans leaf necrosis in Xinjiang.[Method]Based on the continuous investigation on the irrigation water quality,soil and fertilizer management and its effect on yield in the walnut orchards suffered from boron toxicity in southern Xinjiang,a greenhouse experiment was carried out.Uniform one-month-old'Wen 185'seedlings were selected,and boric acid was used as the boron source.Boric acid solutions of different concentrations(0.1,0.2,1,10,50 and 100 mg·L^(-1))were used in the experimental groups,and pure water treatment was used as the control group.The incidence of Juglans leaf necrosis was measured.The field experiment was performed with 10-year-old'Wen 185'tree in a healthy orchard with excellent irrigation water quality in Yecheng County,Kashgar Region,Xinjiang.A randomized block design was adopted.Different boron application treatments SP1(250 g·plant^(-1)),SP2(500 g·plant^(-1)),SP3(1000 g·plant^(-1)),SP4(2000 g·plant^(-1)),B3(spraying 0.5%boron three times),B6(spraying 0.5%boron six times),B3N(spraying 0.5%boron three times and urea three times)and B6N(spraying 0.5%boron six times and urea three times)were set.The conventional agriculture management was used as control(CK).The contents of boron,phosphorus,potassium,zinc and iron in the margins and centers of leaves in different treatments were determined.[Results]When the water of a boron concentration exceeding 0.2 mg·L^(-1)was irrigated for a long time,Juglans leaf necrosis could be induced on young and adult walnut trees.The lower mature leaves of the tree first withered.Such a symptom gradually spread to the upper young leaves.Brown spots first appeared on the leaf tips and margin

关 键 词：硼毒害 叶片矿质元素 核桃焦叶症 尿素 

分 类 号：S792.13[农业科学—林木遗传育种] S727.3[农业科学—林学]