论作为犯罪客体的虚拟财产权益  

作　　者：熊丙万[1] 沈逸 陈子仪 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《数字法治》2024年第4期117-131,共15页DIGITAL LAW

基　　金：最高人民法院2023年度司法研究重大课题“虚拟财产的法律性质及司法保护路径研究”(项目编号:ZGFYZDKT202314-03)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：学理和审判实践中有一种较为常见的认识,基于虚拟财产的非物权属性等因素考虑,认为不适合将此类犯罪纳入侵犯财产罪处理。该观点认为,此类行为侵犯的法益主要系公共秩序,应纳入扰乱公共秩序犯罪范畴来定性处理。新近民法学说一般将虚拟财产权益的法律属性问题视为解释选择问题,认为采“物权说”或者“债权说”皆可以为此类权益的保护提供一套有效实定法依据和学说框架。法院总体上也倾向于将虚拟财产权益界定为网络用户的债权性财产权。本文认为,由于虚拟财产权益通常以继续性合同为发生基础,即便将其解释为债权性财产权,也不影响将大量涉虚拟财产的犯罪行为归入盗窃罪等侵犯财产罪来处理。与有体物一样,虚拟财产兼具满足基本衣食住行需求、促进人格成长和人性绽放的社会经济意义,纳入侵犯财产罪一体化调整有助于提升民刑规则的解释力与融贯性。司法政策可以考虑区分以数据为工具侵害他人虚拟财产权益的犯罪行为与扰乱虚拟世界公共秩序的犯罪行为,根据侵犯虚拟财产的行为模式将前者分别归入盗窃罪、诈骗罪和职务侵占罪等罪名来处理,以避免归入扰乱公共秩序犯罪处理可能引发的“口袋化”问题。A prevalent view in both scholarly discussions and judicial practice argues that due to the non-property right nature of virtual property,crimes involving virtual property may not fit well in traditional categories of crimes against property.Instead,these offenses primarily infringe upon public order and should be classified accordingly.However,recent studies in civil law suggest that the legal nature of virtual property rights is merely a matter of interpretation,with both property rights and creditor's rights theories providing viable legal and theoretical framework for their protection.Moreover,the people's courts generally define the rights and interests in virtual property as creditor's rights held by internet users.We argue that being based on continuous contract,even if virtual property is interpreted as creditor's rights,a large number of crimes related to it can be appropriately addressed under the realm of theft and other categories of crimes against property.Like tangible assets,virtual property serves vital socio-economic functions,including meeting basic needs and fostering personal development.Integrating virtual property-related crimes into property crimes helps to enhance the interpretive clarity and coherence of civil and criminal provisions.Judicial policy should differentiate between crimes using data to infringe upon others'virtual property rights and those that disturb public order in virtual environments.The former should be specifically classified under offenses such as theft,fraud,or professional embezzlement,thereby avoiding potential“catch-all crime”issue associated with indiscriminate use of public order offenses.

关 键 词：虚拟财产 债权性财产权 侵犯财产罪 非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]