九州攸同:魏晉南北朝佛教僧眾的地理觀念與實踐  

Geographical Concepts and Practices of Buddhist Monks in wei-jin and southern and northern dynasties

作　　者：楊劍霄 Yang Jianxiao

机构地区：[1]南京師範大學社會發展學院 [2]清華大學人文學院

出　　处：《佛教文化研究》2023年第1期44-75,447-448,456-457,共36页Studies of Buddhist Culture

基　　金：2017年度國家社會科學基金重大項目“漢傳佛教僧眾社會生活史”(17ZDA233);2019年度國家社會科學基金青年項目“‘一帶一路’沿線佛教文明交流史研究”(19CZJ009)的階段性成果

摘　　要：佛教所傳地理學與中國本土地理學的互動對僧衆社會生活產生巨大影響。首先,從地理觀念與實踐層面探析佛教僧眾的西行求法活動需要處理兩個問題:西行求法的内在動力機制與具體的西行地理技術。前者主要與僧衆對印度“天竺中心說”的改造相關,這種觀念也成為一種内在驅動力,使得僧衆能夠擺脫華夏中心說的束縛。技術層面,西行求法僧侶在沒有測繪條件完成地圖的情況下,借助商隊、當地人指引和自我探索完成路途。法顯之後的僧侶更在《佛國記》提供的系統性地理知識基礎上按圖索驥完成求法活動。僧眾在日常生活中亦不乏地理學的應用。魏晉南北朝時期佛教地理學著作的文本性質主要集中在記述域外地理資訊的文本與記錄建築資訊的文本兩類上。這些有效填補了中國古代地理學中的域外知識。另一方面,在山林佛教興起以後,慧遠為代表的僧眾更多的運用中國傳統的地理學知識,對山林、寺院的駐錫地址進行選擇。正是在這種雙向的互動當中,佛教成功完成地理學上與中國本土的融合。The interaction between Buddhist geography and local Chinese geography had a great impact on the social life of monks.First,from the geographical concept and practice level to explore the Buddhist monks'westward seeking activities need to deal with two issues:the internal driving mechanism of westward seeking and the specific westward geographic techniques.The former is mainly related to the monks'transformation of India's"Tianzhu-centeredness",and this concept also becomes an internal driving force that enables the monks to get rid of the fetters of the Chinese centralism.At the technical level,the monks who traveled westward to seek the Dharma did not have the conditions to complete the map,and completed their journey with the help of merchants,local guidance and self-discovery.The monks after Faxian completed their quest on the basis of the systematic geographic knowledge provided by the Book of the Buddha.Monks also used geography in their daily lives.The textual nature of Buddhist geography writings during the Wei-Jin and Northern Dynasties was mainly focused on two types of texts that recorded geographical information from outside the country and those that recorded architectural information.These effectively fill in the extra-territorial knowledge in ancient Chinese geography.On the other hand,after the emergence of mountain Buddhism,the monks represented by Huiyuan made more use of traditional Chinese geographic knowledge to choose the location of mountain forests and monasteries.It was in this two-way interaction that Buddhism successfully integrated geography with the local Chinese.

关 键 词：佛教地理 中邊關係 西行求法 法顯 

分 类 号：B949.2[哲学宗教—宗教学] K235[历史地理—历史学]