顾颉刚“纸制冥器”源于契丹说辨析  

Analysis on Gu Jiegang’s“Paper-made Underworld Ware”Originating from Khitan Theory

作　　者：孔维京 陈晓晓 Kong Weijing;Chen Xiaoxiao

机构地区：[1]辽宁师范大学历史文化学院,辽宁大连116033 [2]大连民族大学中华民族共同体研究院,辽宁大连116600

出　　处：《民俗典籍文字研究》2023年第1期30-37,248,共9页

基　　金：辽宁省教育厅2022年度基本科研项目“辽金祭祀礼俗文化与东北民族交往交流交融趋势研究”(批准号:LJKMR20221378)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：作为中国民俗学研究的重要内容,“纸制冥器”的使用与传播历来是学界关注的焦点。二十世纪三四十年代,顾颉刚将中原纸制冥器的普及追溯自契丹遗风,这一观点虽稍显偏颇,但并非空穴来风。辽朝在祭祀木叶山、黑山时存在一种以焚烧纸人、纸马、纸甲等纸制冥器为主要特征的祭祀仪式,契丹语称之为“戴辣”。契丹戴辣习俗最初应源自北方民族“送死烧乘马衣物”之俗,但圣宗以后受崇佛风气的影响,辽朝逐渐开始禁止杀牲祭祀,所以纸人、纸马、纸甲等纸制冥器成为杀牲祭祀的替代物品。辽朝在国家祭祀中焚烧纸人、纸马、纸甲是中国古代纸制冥器第一次得到大规模地传播与使用,体现了北方民族文化与中原文化的互动与交融。As an important part of the study of Chinese folklore,the use and dis-semination of“Paper-made Underworld Ware(纸制冥器)”has always been the focus of academic attention.In the 1930 s and 1940 s,Gu Jiegang traced the popularization of paper-based ghost vessels in the Central Plains from the legacy of Khitan.Although this view is slightly biased,it is not empty.In the Liao Dynasty,there was a sacrificial ceremony characterized by burning paper men,paper horses,paper nails and other pa-per artifacts during the sacrifice of Muye Mountainand Hei Mountain,Khitan lan-guage called it“Daila(戴辣)”.The custom of Khitan Daila was originally derived from the custom of“sending death to burn horse clothes(送死烧乘马衣物)”of the northern ethnic groups.However,influenced by the atmosphere of worshiping Buddhism after Shengzong,the Liao Dynasty gradually began to prohibit the sacrifice,so paper man,paper horse,paper armor and other paper-based ghosts became an alternative way of sacrifice.The burning of paper men,paper horses and paper nails in the national sacri-fices of the Liao Dynasty was the first time that the ancient Chinese paper-based ghost vessels were widely disseminated and used,reflecting the interaction and blending of the northern national culture and the Central Plains culture.

关 键 词：顾颉刚 纸制冥器 “戴辣” 契丹 

分 类 号：B933[哲学宗教—宗教学] K892.22[历史地理—民俗学] K246.1[历史地理—历史学]