自修、德怀与义战——儒家战略文化如何影响对外决策  

Self-Cultivation,Virtue-Based Persuasion and Just War:How the Confucian Strategic Culture Affects Foreign Decision-Making

作　　者：逄锐之 PANG Ruizhi(School of International Politics and Economics,University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;the Institute of World Economics and Politics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学国际政治经济学院,北京100732 [2]中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2025年第1期123-153,157,共32页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“儒家战略文化研究”(项目批准号:23CGJ002)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：儒家战略文化对古代中原王朝的对外决策产生了重要影响。考察先秦儒家典籍,可总结出儒家战略文化的基本特征:以“四夷咸宾”为目的,在手段偏好中,自修与德怀优先于武力,在武力使用中讲求慎战与义战原则。然而,儒家战略文化内部也存在一定张力,在后期发展中,出现了“王者不治夷狄”的论调,并逐渐成为主流。王朝周期论、权力政治论和单极稳定论对对外决策的影响是战略文化影响的主要竞争性解释。依据西汉、北宋和明朝三个主要中原政权对外决策讨论的文本,能够发现儒家战略文化对对外决策的影响大于除单极稳定论之外的其他竞争性解释:当决策者及其时代受“四夷咸宾”较强影响时,其政策主张更积极,而“王者不治夷狄”有较强影响时,其政策主张较为消极。在实现战略目标的手段偏好方面,自修与德怀优先于武力。此外,慎战与义战原则在大多数情况下得到遵循,但“四夷咸宾”论和义战原则在某些时候会削弱慎战原则。The Confucian strategic culture exerted significant influence on foreign decisionmaking in ancient China. A detailed examination of Confucian classics from the Pre-Qin period reveals three key characteristics of this strand of strategic culture: the objective of settling the foreigners, the prioritization of self-cultivation and virtue-based persuasion over military force in achieving its goals, and the emphasis on prudence and justice in the use of force. However, internal tensions existed within Confucian strategic culture. Over time, the argument of “the King does not intend to rule all the Yi” emerged and eventually gained prominence. Drawing on discussions of foreign policy recorded in texts from the Western Han, Northern Song, and Ming Dynasties, this study evaluates the explanatory power of Confucian strategic culture relative to the competing theories of dynastic cycle, Realpolitik, and unipolar stability. The findings suggest that Confucian strategic culture had greater influence on foreign decision-making discourse than the competing theories, with the exception of unipolar stability theory. Specifically, decision-making became more proactive when guided by the argument of “settling the Yi”, whereas it was more restrained under the influence of the argument of “the King does not rule the Yi”. Furthermore, self-cultivation and virtue-based persuasion were consistently favored over military force in achieving strategic goals. Lastly,while the principles of prudence and justice in the use of force were generally upheld, tensions between the two principles—particularly when combined with the settling the foreigners argument—occasionally led to the undermining of caution.

关 键 词：儒家战略文化 对外决策 自修 义战 四夷咸宾 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]