从集权走向赋权:乡村简约治理的形态变迁  

From Centralization to Empowerment:The Transformation of Simplified Governance in Rural Areas

作　　者：杜永康 张新文[1] DU Yongkang;ZHANG Xinwen(School of Public Administration,Nanjing Agricultural University)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学公共管理学院

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2025年第1期125-144,共20页China Rural Survey

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“乡村振兴背景下土地制度改革与乡村治理现代化研究”(编号:23ZD141)。

摘　　要：中国乡村社会从古至今一直延续着简约治理的内核,但其外在形态在漫长的历史演进中实现了从“集权”到“赋权”的转换。本文从“国家-社会”视角出发,探究乡村简约治理形态嬗变的背景、机理和特征,研究发现:现代性力量的冲击削弱了熟人社会的关系网络与地方性共识,加之村庄利益关联脱嵌与地方权威衰微、社会治理重心下移与新生治理任务膨胀,集权的简约治理在国家和社会的双重变奏之下式微。为了再造半正式行政基础,国家通过精英吸纳与村社再造开展组织赋权,依托资源下乡与产权改革强化资源赋权,并通过治理技术下沉和数字技术嵌入寻求技术赋权,凭借组织、资源和技术的三维赋权强化村庄代理人和村级组织的政治统合功能与自主治理能力,简约主义的治理传统得以延续。在从“集权”到“赋权”的嬗变过程中,乡村简约治理呈现从“乡绅自治”到“多元共治”、从“权威教化”到“资源支配”、从“儒法互济”到“三治合一”的特征转换。赋权型简约治理是中华传统的治国理政智慧与现代积极有为的国家治理实践相互交织共塑的乡村治理新图景,为乡村治理现代化提供了可行的治理理念与实践方向。The core of simplified governance has persisted in Chinese rural society from ancient times to the present,but its external form has recently shifted from "centralization" to "empowerment".This paper explores the background,mechanisms,and characteristics of the transformation of simplified governance in rural areas from the perspective of the "state-society" relationship.The study finds that the impact of modernity has weakened the relational networks of familiar societies and local consensus.Coupled with the disembedding of village interests and the decline of local authority,the social foundation that supported centralized simplified governance has eroded.Meanwhile,the construction of state power has incorporated rural society into the framework of modem governance,with formal authority frequently relying on project resources to reach rural areas.As a result,village-level organizations have taken on more top-down governance tasks,significantly differing from the "laissez-faire" political logic of the imperial period.Under the dual variations of state and society,centralized simplified governance has declined.To reconstruct a semi-formal administrative foundation,the state has empowered rural governance to varying degrees from three dimensions:first,organizational empowerment,which involves the recruitment of local elites through economic leaders,first secretaries,and specialized talents to strengthen village-level organizations,alongside structural integration and functional reorganization of these organizations through grassroots party building;second,resource empowerment,which strengthens external resource injection via project implementation and revitalizes local endogenous resources through collective property rights reform,enhancing the resource endowment of village-level organizations through comprehensive integration of internal and external resources;third,technical empowerment,which innovates traditional experiential management models in rural areas using scientific management concepts and technical me

关 键 词：简约治理 科层治理 集权 赋权 乡村治理现代化 

分 类 号：C912.82[经济管理] D638[社会学]