明清以来商业经营中的小伙制  

The Part-Sharing Mechanism (Xiaohuozhi) in Commercial Managements since Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：王裕明[1] Wang Yuming

机构地区：[1]江苏省社会科学院,南京210004

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2025年第1期5-16,共12页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大项目“明清档案和民间文献与徽州治理研究”(批准号:24VLS007);江苏省社会科学基金重点项目“明清江苏商号资料整理与研究”(批准号:23LSA004)阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：小伙制是明清以来商业习惯之一,早在明代中期就已经出现。小伙制分为独立经营小伙、合伙经营小伙和代营小伙等类型,其经营的商品种类有别于商家。小伙制利弊明显,虽然能增加员工收入、提高员工积极性,但也存在员工不安心经营、亏空、挪用公款和引起纠纷诉讼等弊端,不时受到商家禁止。公伙和寄小伙皆属于小伙制,公伙多指商家出资为店员所做的小伙,寄小伙为附于他人小伙中以获取收益。寄小伙属于附本而非合伙,认为嘉庆年间婺源寄小伙分配方式是从利润非均向照本分利转折的论点缺乏充分论证,难以凭信。小伙制的存在表明明清商业经营存在多样性。The part-sharing mechanism(Xiaohuozhi) was one of the commercial customs since Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is estimated the lasted coming into being in the middle period of Ming Dynasty. This mechanism could be thought as the following models: independent-management, cooperation-management and agent-management. This business was different from other businesses on kinds of goods. It was very clear that the part-sharing mechanism showing on its advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, under this mechanism, employees' income could be increased, which made them working more positively. But, on the other hand, it was possible to make employees working unsettledly, managing at loss, removing public funds and leading to some disputes and litigations, so, it was often prohibited by bosses. Both public-sharing(Gonghuozhi) and entrusted-sharing(Jixiaohuozhi) mechanisms belonged to the part-sharing mechanism. The former meant the fund of the part-sharing mechanism to the employees offered by the bosses;the latter meant this mechanism attaching to others for achieving profits. entrusted-sharing mechanism was the model attaching on capital, not the cooperation on management. It is lack of enough demonstrations for the viewpoints that the profit distribution model of entrusted-sharing mechanism in Wuyuan(the place in Jiangxi Province) in the period of emperor Jiaqing was not average distribution according to the capitals. So, this viewpoint is not convincing. The existence of part-sharing mechanism shows the dual management in commerce in the period of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

关 键 词：明清以来 小伙制 公伙 清日贸易 

分 类 号：F729[经济管理—产业经济]