全新世青藏高原野牦牛适生区模拟及其驯化探讨  

Simulation of wild yak suitable area and its domestication on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the Holocene

作　　者：敖民 侯光良 陈鸿明[1] 文德卓玛 金孙梅 侯志瑞 关佳萌 AO Min;HOU Guangliang;CHEN Hongming;WENDE Zhuoma;JIN Sunmei;HOU Zhirui;GUAN Jiameng(College of Geographical Sciences,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,China;Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Processes,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,China)

机构地区：[1]青海师范大学地理科学学院,西宁810008 [2]青海师范大学青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室,西宁810008

出　　处：《地理学报》2025年第1期200-216,共17页Acta Geographica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42171165);青海省科技厅2024年重点研发与转化计划(2024-SF-147)。

摘　　要：动物的驯化为人类提供了稳定可靠的食物来源,野牦牛是青藏高原的特有物种,在高原地区人类生活中有着不可替代的作用。本文搜集了现今青藏高原野牦牛分布数据291个,利用MaxEnt模型模拟了全新世(11.0—3.0 ka BP)每间隔500 a以来青藏高原野牦牛适生区的时空演变,适生区模拟精度均达到0.9以上。结果表明影响高原上野牦牛适生区的主要环境因子有最冷季度平均温度、降水量变异系数、最湿季度降水量和每年积雪天数。从时空分布来看,全新世早期(11.0—9.0 ka BP)分布面积最小,主要分布在哈拉湖、藏北高原东部、藏南高山谷地东段及昆仑山西段山地高原区等地;全新世早中期(9.0—6.0 ka BP)分布面积介于全新世早期和全新世中晚期之间,主要分布在祁连山脉、藏北高原西部及青南高原等地区。全新世中晚期(6.0—3.0 ka BP)分布面积达到最大值,主要分布在青海湖盆地、藏北高原、羌塘高原、长江—澜沧江上游等地。全新世以来野牦牛的适生区整体呈现逐渐扩大的趋势,其原因可能与气候环境演变有关。结合极端环境指数和野牦牛适生区指数综合计算,推测野牦牛潜在驯化时间在4.5—4.0 ka BP左右,潜在驯化区在青海湖盆地和长江—澜沧江上游及横断山脉。The domestication of animals has provided humans with a stable food source.The wild yak is a unique species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and plays an irreplaceable role in daily life of the Tibetan people.This study collected 291 localities of wild yaks on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and modeled the spatiotemporal evolution of wild yaks on the plateau every 500 years since the Holocene(11.0-3.0 ka BP)by Maxent.The accuracy of the simulation result reached above 0.9.The results indicated that the main environmental factors affecting the suitable habitat of wild yaks on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau include the average temperature of the coldest quarter,the coefficient variation of precipitation,the precipitation of the wettest quarter,and the accumuation of the annual snowfall.From a spatiotemporal perspective,the distribution area was the smallest in the early Holocene(11.0-9.0 ka BP),mainly distributed in areas like Hala Lake,the eastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau,the highlands and valleys in the southern Tibetan Plateau,and the highlands in the western Kunlun Mountains.During the early period of the middle Holocene(9.0-6.0 ka BP),the distribution area was located between that of the early and late Holocene,mainly in areas such as the Qilian Mountains,the western part of the northern Tibetan Plateau,and the southern Qinghai Plateau.In the middle to late Holocene(6.0-3.0 ka BP),the distribution area reached its maximum,mainly in areas such as the Qinghai Lake basin,the northern Tibetan Plateau,the Qiangtang Plateau,and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Lancang River.In addition,since the Holocene,the habitat of the wild yak has gradually expanded,possibly due to climate and environmental changes.Comprehensive analysis of the Human Living Environment Index and the Wild Yak Habitat Index revealed that the earliest potential domestication time of the wild yak is around 4.5-4.0 ka BP,with potential domestication areas including the Qinghai Lake basin,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,Lancang Rive

关 键 词：野牦牛 青藏高原 物种分布模型 全新世 驯化 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]