进化的进步性没有客观标准吗?——威廉姆斯对进化进步性标准的反驳及其批判  

Is There No Objective Standard of Evolutionary Progress? Williams’ Refutation of Criterion of Evolutionary Progress and Criticism of Williams

作　　者：邹昕宇 李建会 ZOU Xinyu;LI Jianhui

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学哲学学院

出　　处：《哲学分析》2025年第1期156-169,199,共15页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“进化论中进步思想的理论难题及其解决方案研究”(项目编号:21BZX004)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：进化是否是进步的,这个问题一直是进化论中的争论的焦点。近半个世纪以来,在美国著名生物学家威廉姆斯和古尔德等人的影响下,反对进化是进步的声音逐渐增强,影响了很多生物学家、哲学家和普通大众。威廉姆斯的反进化进步性思想主要集中在他对进化进步性的传统标准的批判,如遗传信息的积累、形态学上复杂性的不断增加、某些任意规定的方向上的进化趋势和适应有效性的增加。威廉姆斯认为,无论采用何种进步标准都没有经验证据支持。从选择效果功能理论来看,不论是短期进化,还是长期进化,进化的进步性都是客观存在的。威廉姆斯论证中的种种问题,证明进化的进步性既是生命史的事实,也是有效的科学理论。Whether evolution is progress has always been a focus of debate in evolution.In the past half century,under the influence of prominent American biologists such as Williams and Gould,the voices against the evolutionary progress have gradually increased,affecting many biologists,philosophers,and the general public.Williams’anti-evolutionary progress thought primarily focuses on his criticism of traditional standards of evolutionary progress,such as the accumulation of genetic information,increasing morphological complexity,any evolutionary tendency in an arbitrarily designated direction,and increased effectiveness of adaptation.Williams argues that there is no empirical evidence to support any standard of progress.This paper uses the latest theory of selective effect to demonstrate that the evolutionary progress is objective,whether it is short-term evolution or long-term evolution.This paper also points out various problems in Williams’argument,proving that the evolutionary progress is not only a fact of life history,but also an effective scientific theory.

关 键 词：进化的进步性 选择效果理论 功能改进 价值性事实 适应 

分 类 号：N02[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]