第三方环境服务法律规制的法典化  

Codification of legal regulation of third⁃party environmental services

作　　者：焦琰 张伟斌 王社坤 JIAO Yan;ZHANG Weibin;WANG Shekun(Law School,Northwest University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710127,China;Mobile Postdoctoral Research Station of Public Administration,Northwest University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学法学院,陕西西安710127 [2]西北大学公共管理博士后科研流动站,陕西西安710127

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2024年第12期36-45,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“第三方环境服务法律规制研究”(批准号:2022BFX204)。

摘　　要：中国的第三方环境服务市场发展迅速,第三方环境服务已经成为辅助履行环境义务的普遍方式。第三方机构的逐利性,使得第三方环境服务既是服务于生态环境治理的手段,又成为生态环境治理的对象,需要引入法律规制,并在生态环境法典编纂中予以回应。近年来中国第三方环境服务市场的造假乱象充分暴露了中国既有第三方环境服务法律规制在规制理念、范围、方式、适用规则等方面的体系性缺陷,需要借助生态环境法典编纂之机实现第三方环境服务规制的体系构建和集成创新。第三方环境服务法律关系的复合性结构决定了第三方环境服务法律规制体系的公私协同属性。其中基于合同的私法规制是第三方环境服务法律规制体系的基础;基于公权力的公法规制则是第三方环境服务法律规制体系的主导;基于行政效率和环境公益保护前置化的要求,又需要将行政规制确立为第三方环境服务公法规制的重心,并配以相应的法律责任作为保障。生态环境法典中涉及第三方环境服务法律规制的规范体系应当采取总分结构。总则编应当在国家生态环境治理体系和机制章节中设置第三方环境服务专门条款,完整呈现第三方环境服务中公私协同的法律关系;污染控制、自然生态保护、绿色低碳发展分编应当着重对各自领域内已有的第三方环境服务类型的行政规制作出具体规定;生态环境责任编应当进一步明确第三方环境服务机构的侵权责任规则、刑事责任规则,构建行政责任优先、刑事责任后备威慑的制裁体系。The market for third-party environmental services in China is developing rapidly,and these services have become a conven-tional mode in the fulfillment of environmental obligations.The profit-seeking nature of third-party organizations positions these servic-es as both means of environmental governance and objects of environmental governance.Effective governance of third-party environ-mental services necessitates the introduction of legal regulation and the response to it in the codification of the Ecological and Environ-mental Code.In recent years,the prevalence of fraud in China's third-party environmental service market has revealed systematic defi-ciencies in the existing legal framework,including concepts,scope,modes,and applicable rules.Therefore,it is essential to utilize the codification of the Ecological and Environmental Code to achieve systematic construction and integrated innovation in third-party envi-ronmental service regulation.The composite structure of legal relations in third-party environmental services determines the public-pri-vate synergistic attributes of their regulatory framework.The contract-based regulation within private law forms the foundation of this regulatory system,while regulation based on public authority serves as its guiding principle.Given the demands for administrative effi-ciency and the prioritization of environmental public interest protection,it is imperative that administrative regulation be established as the primary focus of public law governing third-party environmental services,with a corresponding liability system to support this.It is recommended that the normative system within the Ecological and Environmental Code that pertains to the regulation of third-party en-vironmental services adopt a general-specical structure.‘General Provisions’should be included within the chapter addressing the na-tional ecological environment governance system,with specialized clauses for third-party services to comprehensively present the legal relationships that enable publi

关 键 词：第三方环境服务 法律规制 生态环境法典 

分 类 号：D912.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]