中国淡水重要养殖鱼类抗病和抗逆性状育种研究进展  

Research progress of disease resistance and anti-stress breeding in China’s important cultured freshwater fish

作　　者：刘永新 邵长伟[3] 郑先虎[4] LIU Yongxin;SHAO Changwei;ZHENG Xianhu(Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Wuhan 430223,China;Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Beijing 100141,China;Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China;Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Harbin 150076,China)

机构地区：[1]中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所,湖北武汉430223 [2]中国水产科学研究院,北京100141 [3]中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛266071 [4]中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨150076

出　　处：《水产学报》2025年第2期1-18,共18页Journal of Fisheries of China

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-45);中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2023TD36)。

摘　　要：中国淡水鱼类种质资源极为丰富、种类数量繁多,是水产动物优质蛋白供给的重要组成部分。病害频发与逆境胁迫严重影响了淡水养殖鱼类的生长、发育及繁殖,限制了淡水养殖业的健康可持续发展。深入开展抗病和抗逆性状的遗传育种研究,培育具有优异抗性性能的淡水主养鱼类新品种是破解当前双重约束的有效途径。本文综述了淡水重要养殖鱼类抗病和抗逆优良品种培育的基本现状,总结了1996—2023年具有抗病或抗逆性状淡水主养鱼类新品种审定情况,介绍了育成的代表性新品种拥有的抗性性能指标、采取的技术路线和实际的育种成效。聚焦抗病、抗寒、耐低氧、耐低温和耐盐碱5类性状,回顾了其在遗传参数精准评估、性状连锁标记挖掘和分子调控机制解析等方面的主要研究进展,结合当前我国淡水主要养殖鱼类抗病和抗逆的研究现状与国内外先进典型案例,提炼了拥有优异抗性性能的新品种培育进程偏缓、表型性状高通量测定技术研发滞后、性状遗传基础和调控机制解析深度不足、兼顾多个性状的品种选育与产业化应用薄弱等目前育种研究存在的突出问题,提出了开展淡水主养鱼类种质资源高效保存与挖掘利用、抗病抗逆性状的遗传机理与分子调控解析、具有优异抗性性能的新品种培育与种质创制、新品种亲本维持与示范推广等四项研究任务,以期为我国淡水重要养殖鱼类抗性性状育种研究提供基础资料和借鉴参考。The germplasm resources of freshwater fish are relatively abundant in China,and the quantity of their species is enormous,which accounts for a vital part of the high-quality protein supply from aquatic animals.However,the growth,development and reproduction of freshwater fish are seriously affected by the frequent occurrence of fish diseases and culture environment stress,which restricts the healthy sustainable development of the freshwater aquaculture industry.The key constraints of limiting the development of freshwater fish culture are the weak study on genetic basis of disease resistance and anti-stress traits as well as inadequate new breeding materials.It is an effective way to conduct further research on genetic improvement and breeding of resistant traits and cultivate new freshwater fish varieties with better resistance abilities to solve these two main challenges.This article comprehensively reviews the fundamental status of breeding improved varieties of freshwater fish with disease resistance and anti-stress,summarizes the review of new varieties of freshwater fish with disease resistance or antistress traits from 1996 to 2023,and introduces the resistant performance indicators,adopted technical routes and actual breeding effectiveness of representative breeding new varieties.Focusing on five types of traits,namely disease resistance,cold resistance,hypoxia tolerance,low-temperature tolerance,and saline-alkali tolerance,this article reviews the main research progress in the accurate evaluation of genetic parameters,excavation of trait linkage markers,and analysis of molecular regulatory mechanism.Combined with the current research status of disease resistance and anti-stress of major freshwater aquaculture fish in China and advanced typical cases at home and abroad,this article summarizes the outstanding problems in current breeding research,such as the slow progress of cultivating new varieties with excellent resistance performance,the lag in research and development of high-throughput measurement te

关 键 词：鱼类 淡水养殖 抗病 抗逆 育种研究 

分 类 号：S917.4[农业科学—水产科学]