西北绿洲灌区麦后复种绿肥对减量施氮春小麦生长及产量的补偿效应  

Compensatory Effects of Multiple Cropping Green Manure on Growth and Yield Loss of Nitrogen-Reduced Spring Wheat in Oasis Irrigation Areas of Northwest China

作　　者：仇海龙 李盼 张殿凯 樊志龙[1] 胡发龙[1] 陈桂平[1] 范虹 何蔚 殷文[1] 赵连豪 QIU HaiLong;LI Pan;ZHANG DianKai;FAN ZhiLong;HU FaLong;CHEN GuiPing;FAN Hong;HE Wei;YIN Wen;ZHAO LianHao(College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science,Lanzhou 730070)

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学农学院/省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室,兰州730070

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2025年第3期443-459,共17页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(U21A20218,32372238);甘肃省科技计划项目(24ZDNA008,23JRRA704);国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22-G-12);甘肃省高校研究生“创新之星”项目(2025CXZX-760)。

摘　　要：【目的】针对西北绿洲灌区传统春小麦种植氮肥投入量大、利用率低、肥源单一等问题,通过研究减量施氮条件下麦后复种绿肥对春小麦光合源、生长特性及产量的影响,以期为构建试区春小麦节氮高产绿色种植模式提供技术支撑。【方法】2021—2023年在河西走廊绿洲灌区进行裂区试验,主区设置麦后休闲(W)和麦后复种毛叶苕子(W-G)2种种植模式,裂区为传统全量施氮100%(N1,180 kg·hm^(-2))、减量施氮15%(N_(2),153 kg·hm^(-2))和减量施氮30%(N3,126 kg·hm^(-2))3种施氮水平。测定并计算不同处理下春小麦光合源、叶片持绿性、生长特性、产量表现相关指标,构建干物质积累Logistic方程、不同指标之间的相关性和补偿指数,探究复种绿肥对减氮春小麦生长及产量的补偿效应。【结果】麦后复种绿肥可在一定程度上补偿减氮造成光合源、生长特性及产量的损失,其中以麦后复种绿肥结合减氮15%(W-GN_(2))补偿效果最佳,表现为超补偿与等量补偿效应。复种绿肥显著提高春小麦生育后期叶面积指数、光合势和叶片持绿性,W-GN_(2)较麦后休闲传统全量施氮(WN1)在苗后75—90 d平均叶面积指数、总光合势和叶片持绿性分别提高17.7%、17.5%和7.6%。W-GN_(2)优化了春小麦生长特性,较WN1全生育期平均干物质积累量、干物质最大增长速率、群体生长速率分别提高6.2%、6.9%和5.1%,净同化率显著降低6.2%。因复种绿肥对于光合源和生长特性的补偿,导致春小麦生育后期仍保持较高的光合作用、群体生长和干物质积累速率,从而提升籽粒产量。其中W-GN_(2)籽粒产量较WN1提高14.7%,主要归功于复种绿肥对穗数、千粒重和收获指数的补偿,且W-GN_(2)较WN1分别提高6.5%、6.9%和13.2%。相关性分析发现W-GN_(2)处理在光合源、生长特性和籽粒产量形成方面具有更优表现,且主要通过对春小麦光合源的补偿来促进产量的形成【Objective】Aiming at the problems of large amount of nitrogen fertilizer input,low utilization rate and single fertilizer source in traditional spring wheat planting in the oasis irrigation area of Northwest China,the effects of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat on photosynthetic source,growth characteristics and yield of spring wheat under the condition of reduced nitrogen application were studied,with a view to provide the technical support for the construction of a nitrogen-saving and high-yield green planting model of spring wheat in the experimental area.【Method】The split plot experiment was carried out in the oasis irrigation area of Hexi Corridor from 2021 to 2023.The main area was set up with two planting modes:post-wheat fallow(W)and post-wheat multiple cropping of hairy leaf(W-G),and the split plot was the traditional full nitrogen application of 100%(N1,180 kg·hm^(-2)),reduced nitrogen application of 15%(N_(2),153 kg·hm^(-2))and reduced nitrogen application of 30%(N3,126 kg·hm^(-2)).The photosynthetic source,stay-green of leaves,growth characteristics and yield performance related indicators of spring wheat under different treatments were measured and calculated.The Logistic equation of dry matter accumulation,the correlation between different indicators and the compensation index were constructed.The objective was to explore the compensation effect of multiple cropping green manure on the growth and yield of nitrogen-reduced spring wheat.【Result】Post-wheat multiple cropping of green manure could compensate for the loss of photosynthetic source,growth characteristics and yield caused by nitrogen reduction to a certain extent.Among them,the compensation effect was the best under the condition of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat combined with 15%nitrogen reduction(W-GN_(2)),which showed super compensation and equal compensation effect.Multiple cropping of green manure significantly increased leaf area index,leaf area duration and stay-green of leaves in spr

关 键 词：绿肥还田 减量施氮 春小麦 光合源 生长特性 产量 补偿指数 

分 类 号：S512.12[农业科学—作物学]