美国性侵害未成年人案件中被告人品格证据的运用及借鉴  

The Use and Reflection of Defendant Character Evidence in the United States's Child Sexual Assault Cases

作　　者：兰跃军[1] 姚雨濛 Lan Yuejun;Yao Yumeng

机构地区：[1]上海大学

出　　处：《青少年犯罪问题》2025年第1期27-43,共17页Issues on Juvenile Crimes and Delinquency

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“法秩序统一原理下性侵未成年被害人保护研究”(项目编号:22FFXB033)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《美国联邦证据规则》第413条和第414条突破品格证据禁令,允许在性侵害未成年人案件中适用被告人先前类似行为作出倾向性推论。除了证据短缺和维护公众对刑事司法的信心外的原因,容许品格推论还是现代互动主义的发展结果,并得到社会学和生物学理论支撑。我国性侵害未成年人案件存在适用被告人品格证据的制度基础和现实需求,借鉴美国做法,应当承认被告人先前类似行为的证据资格,并允许法官运用其推论被告人的性侵害倾向。但需为该推论设置必要性前提,同时嵌入平衡审查机制,法官通过识别先前类似行为与被指控罪行和被告人惯常行为模式的契合度以及时间间隔、介入事件等因素来评估该证据的证明价值是否大大超过它可能带来的不公平偏见,再决定其可采性。此外,为了保障被告人权利,还应当对品格证据引入的审前通知和异议方式作出安排。Articles 413 and 414 of Federal Rules of Evidence break through the prohibition of character evidence,allowing the application of the defendant's previous similar behavior as a character inference in cases of child sexual assault.In addition to the shortage of evidence and the maintenance of public confidence in the justice system,character inference is also the result of the development of modern interactionism and is supported by relevant theories of biology.There is an institutional basis for the application of the defendant's character evidence in China,our country should learn from the practice of the United States,admit the evidence qualification of the defendant's previous similar behavior and allow judges to infer the defendant's sexual assault tendency from them,but a balanced review mechanism should be embedded for the inference.By identifying the compatibility of previous similar behaviors and alleged crimes with the habitual behavior pattern of sexual predators,as well as factors such as time interval and intervention events,the probative value of the evidence greatly exceeds the possible unfair bias and determines its admissibility.In addition,in order to give the defendant more adequate procedural protection,it should also make appropriate arrangements for the pre-trial notice and objections.

关 键 词：性侵害未成年人 被告人品格证据 先前类似行为 不公平偏见 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]