中国人口预期寿命性别差距的演变特征:1981-2020年  

Evolutionary Characteristics of the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy in China:1981-2020

作　　者：杨明旭 赵嘉莹[2] 陈益豪 吴金晶[4] YANG Mingxu;ZHAO Jiaying;CHEN Yihao;WU Jinjing(School of Public Administration,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou Guangdong,510642,China;School of Demography,Australian National University,Canberra,0200,Australia;Institute of Population Research,East China Normal University,Shanghai,200241,China;Asian Demographic Research Institute,Shanghai University,Shanghai,200444,China)

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学公共管理学院,广东广州510642 [2]澳大利亚国立大学人口学院,堪培拉0200 [3]华东师范大学人口研究所,上海200241 [4]上海大学亚洲人口研究中心,上海200444

出　　处：《人口学刊》2025年第2期42-59,共18页Population Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目:我国农村老年人健康预期寿命的演变趋势及特征分析研究(21BRK017)。

摘　　要：人口预期寿命的性别差距(GenderGapinLifeExpectancy)是衡量健康公平与性别平等的重要指标,对中国人口预期寿命性别差距的分析有助于识别两性人口死亡转变模式及其城乡差异特征,为促进两性健康和谐发展提供参考。本文基于1981年来历次人口普查、抽样调查死亡率数据和国家卫健委公布的历年婴儿死亡率数据,以联合国人口司数据库中国单岁组生命表作为参照,修正并拟合出1981—2020年间分性别、分城乡单岁组死亡率,测算出分性别、分城乡的预期寿命;再分四个年龄段(婴幼儿、儿童和青少年、劳动年龄和老年阶段)分析死亡率性别差距的变化趋势;最后利用Arriaga生命表分解方法探析不同年龄段对预期寿命变化的贡献效力。研究发现1981—2020年我国人口预期寿命的性别差距从2.99岁增长到5.51岁,明显高于同期世界主要发达国家(地区)的增速;当前发达国家(地区)预期寿命的性别差距普遍已进入下降通道,我国还有继续扩大的趋势。预期寿命的性别差距水平及变化趋势存在明显的城乡差异,1981—2020年城镇人口的预期寿命性别差距从4.15岁增长到5.32岁,而农村从2.82岁大幅增长到5.89岁,农村增幅明显高于城镇;女性5岁以下婴幼儿死亡率(U5MR)的快速下降为农村女性预期寿命带来的增益约3.6岁,这是我国妇幼保健工作在降低农村女婴死亡率方面取得的伟大成就。当前导致预期寿命性别差距进一步扩大的原因主要是由于劳动年龄段和老龄段男性的死亡率相对女性偏高。因此,建议在巩固女性相对长寿发展成果的同时,社会养老服务需重点关注数量日趋庞大的高龄女性群体,针对其身体与精神照护需求设计适老化的生活配套设施;大力普及健康卫生知识、提升民众健康素养,使男性认识到吸烟和过度饮酒的危害,同时推动优质医疗资源下沉,方便基层群众就医,以自我健康素The gender gap in life expectancy serves as a crucial indicator for measuring health equity and gender equality.Analyzing the gender gap in life expectancy among the Chinese population contributes to identifying patterns of mortality transition and urban-rural disparities,which provides valuable insights for harmonious health development between genders.This study is based on mortality data from population censuses and sample surveys since 1981,as well as infant mortality data published by the National Health Commission over the years.Using the single-year life tables for China from the United Nations Population Division as a reference,the study corrects and fits gender-and urban-rural-specific mortality rates for the period 1981-2020,and estimates life expectancy by gender and urban-rural areas.Additionally,it analyzes the changing trends in the gender gap in mortality across four age groups(infants,children and adoles⁃cents,working-age adults,and the elderly).Finally,the Arriaga decomposition method is used to explore the contribution of different age groups to changes in life expectancy.The study finds that between 1981 and 2020,the gender gap in life expectancy in China increased from 2.99 years to 5.51 years,significantly outpacing the growth rate in most developed countries(or regions)during the same period.While the gender gap in life expectancy in developed countries and regions is generally on a declining trend,China′s gap continues to expand.There are significant urban-rural differences in both the level and trend of the gender gap.From 1981 to 2020,the urban gender gap increased from 4.15 years to 5.32 years,while the rural gap grew more sharply from 2.82 years to 5.89 years,with the increase in rural areas being particularly pronounced.The rapid decline in the under-five mortality rate(U5MR)among rural girls has contributed approximately 3.6 years to the increase in rural female life expectancy,representing a major achievement in China′s maternal and child health efforts in reducing female infan

关 键 词：人口预期寿命 性别差距 演变特征 城乡差异 

分 类 号：C924.24[社会学—人口学]