增益还是损耗?流动经历对我国农村人口老年期健康的影响  

Gain or Loss:Effects of Migration Experience on Physical and Mental Health of Rural Older Adults

作　　者：唐丹[1] 李星语 TANG Dan;LI Xingyu(Center for Population and Development Studies,Renmin University of China,Beijing,100872,China;Institute of Gerontology,Renmin University of China,Beijing,100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心,北京100872 [2]中国人民大学老年学研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《人口学刊》2025年第2期77-94,共18页Population Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目:流动老人的社会融入特征、影响因素与干预研究(21BRK008)。

摘　　要：自20世纪80年代起,大量农村剩余劳动力从农村流动到城市,但随着年龄增长,许多大龄农民工会选择返乡。老年期的健康状况是全生命历程中多重因素的累积结果,劳动年龄阶段的流动经历作为一项重要的生命事件必然会对农村人口老年期的健康产生影响。但现有农村老年人健康研究忽视了过往流动经历这一重要因素,缺乏对劳动年龄阶段的流动经历与老年期健康状况的关系及其中的作用机制进行讨论。本研究基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据探究劳动年龄阶段的流动经历对农村人口老年期健康的影响,并重点讨论经济资本与社会资本在其中的作用机制。研究发现:从总效应来看,劳动年龄阶段曾经流动对老年期身心健康均产生负面影响;流动次数越多、初次流动时机越早对老年期身体健康的负面影响越大,但对心理健康无显著影响。尽管劳动年龄阶段的流动经历可增加老年期的经济资本和社会资本,这两种资本的增加进一步对老年期的身心健康产生积极影响;但流动经历带来经济资本和社会资本提升并不能抵消流动所伴随的负面效应对老年期健康的消极作用,经济资本与社会资本在流动经历与老年期身心健康之间起到遮掩效应。根据压力过程理论与劣势累积理论,负面效应主要包括流动带来的适应性压力,不仅有繁重劳累且极不稳定的工作、恶劣的生活环境与居住条件、风土人情与文化观念的冲突碰撞,还有因户籍壁垒与用人单位失职导致的无法享受与流入地居民同等的社会福利和公共服务。这些因素与风险不断累积(尤其是随着流动次数的增加与流动时间的延长)导致流动人口健康状况持续损耗,并在老年期进一步恶化,加剧健康不平等。因此,流动人口的研究和政策制定必须立足全生命周期,完善全年龄流动人口保障体系,同时倡导“做自己健Since the 1980s,a significant number of surplus rural laborers have migrated to cities in pursuit of a better life and greater capital accumulation.However,as they age,many older migrant workers tend to return to their rural hometowns.Healthy aging emphasizes that health in old age is the cumulative result of various factors throughout the life course.Migration experiences during working-age years,as a significant life event,inevitably impact the health of rural populations in their later years.However,existed research on the health of rural older adults often overlooks the crucial factor of migration experiences,lacking discus⁃sion on the relationship and mechanisms between these experiences and health in old age.Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS),the study explores the effects of migration experience on physical and mental health of rural older adults,as well as the mediating roles of economic capital and social capital.The findings indicate that having migration experiences during working-age years negatively affects physical and mental health in old age.More frequent migrations and earlier initial migration are associated with greater negative impacts on physical health,though no signifi⁃cant effects on mental health are observed.Migration experiences during working-age years increase economic and social capital in later life,and this increase positively affects physical and mental health.However,economic capital and social capital have a suppression effect in the relationship between migra⁃tion experience and health of rural older adults.The enhancement in economic capital and social capital resulting from migration cannot compensate for the adverse impact it has one the well-being of rural older adults.According to the stress process model and the theory of cumulative disadvantage,the negative effects of migration primarily stem from adaptive stress.This includes not only heavy and unstable work⁃loads,poor living environments and housing conditions,but also c

关 键 词：流动经历 农村老年人 身心健康 资本理论 

分 类 号：C913.6[经济管理]