从土地换佃讼案看清代基层社会治理  

Study on Grassroots Social Governance in the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Land Tenancy Shift Lawsuits

作　　者：肖霈柠 Xiao Peining

机构地区：[1]湖北大学历史系

出　　处：《农业考古》2025年第1期119-128,共10页Agricultural Archaeology

基　　金：2021年国家社会科学基金项目“清至民国的‘会’习惯及其转型研究”(项目编号:21BFX167)。

摘　　要：有清一代,针对永佃权和换佃权等问题,地方乡俗与国家法令既存在一致性,又具有差异性。它们均保证了佃户对垦荒之土地拥有永佃权,亦保证了佃主因佃户长欠租粮所得之换佃权。但在部分地区,除法令规定的长欠租粮之外,若佃户自愿退佃,佃主亦可换佃。随着租佃关系扩大,租佃纠纷尤其是佃主换佃纠纷与日俱增,民间调解无效便上告官府,最终形成讼案。为了稳定基层社会、维护封建统治,官府处理此类讼案时既严格遵守国家法令,又充分考虑地方乡俗。严苛统一、不容亵渎的国家法令与因地制宜、充满温情的地方乡俗相结合,不仅使国家法令更易于推行并落实到位,而且展现出清王朝对基层社会治理的深刻认识。In the Qing Dynasty,in response to issues such as permanent tenancy right and the right of tenancy shift,local customs and national laws and regulations were both consistent and different,which ensured that tenants had the right to permanent tenancy over reclaimed land and that landlords had the right to shift tenancy due to the long-term arrears.However,in some areas,in addition to the long-term arrears of grain stipulated by laws and regulations,if the tenant voluntarily relinquished the tenancy,the landlord could also shift the tenancy.With the expansion of the tenancy relationship,tenancy disputes,especially those involving landlord tenancy shift,increased day by day.When civil mediation failed,these disputes were appealed to the local government,eventually forming lawsuits.In order to stabilize grassroots society and maintain feudal rule,the government not only strictly adhered to national laws and regulations,but also gave full consideration to local customs when handling such lawsuits.The combination of strict,unified,and inviolable national laws and regulations with local customs that are adapted to local conditions and full of warmth not only built a nationwide information network,but also showed the Qing Dynasty's deep understanding of grassroots social governance.

关 键 词：清代 永佃权 换佃权 讼案 国家法令 地方乡俗 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]