中国式司法现代化视域下轻微犯罪记录封存规则的优化路径  

The Optimization Path of Sealing Rules of Minor Criminal Records from the Perspective of Chinese Judicial Modernization

作　　者：王译 Wang Yi

机构地区：[1]湘潭大学法学学部,湖南湘潭411105 [2]湖南省人民检察院检察理论研究基地,湖南湘潭411105

出　　处：《河南社会科学》2025年第3期116-124,共9页Henan Social Sciences

基　　金：湖南省社会科学基金一般项目“低龄罪错未成年人社会支持建设研究”(24YBA082)。

摘　　要：中国式司法现代化语境下完善轻微犯罪记录封存规则乃是轻罪治理的积极面向,蕴含了对积极刑法观的理性回应。在“轻罪”界定的理论探讨中,优化轻微犯罪记录封存规则契合了封存适用主体范围适度延展的内在要求,迎合了实践发展需要。当前,轻微犯罪记录封存规则运行过程中存在适用主体范围过度扩张、封存标准难以统一以及封存后再使用的权利保障受限等问题。未来立法应首要区分轻微犯罪记录封存的适用主体界限,从实施主体、封存内容以及封存后档案管理的视角,类型化建构轻微犯罪记录封存的实施标准。在犯罪记录封存后根据查询主体、查询内容和查询事由等不同方面,精准界定轻微犯罪记录封存后再使用的积极限度。同时,基于禁止标注、限制查询以及限缩信息获知途径等制度功能导向,科学把握轻微犯罪记录封存后再使用的消极限度。Perfecting the rules of sealing minor criminal records in the context of Chinese judicial modernization is a positive aspect of misdemeanor governance,which contains a rational response to the positive view of criminal law.In the theoretical discussion on the definition of “misdemeanor”,optimizing the rules for sealing minor criminal records meets the inherent requirements of moderately extending the scope of application of sealing and caters to the needs of practical development.At present,there are some problems in the operation of minor criminal record sealing rules,such as the excessive expansion of the scope of application subjects,the difficulty in unifying the sealing standards and the limited protection of the right to use after sealing.In the future,the legislation should first distinguish the applicable subject boundaries of minor criminal record sealing,and construct the implementation standards of minor criminal record sealing by types from the perspectives of implementing subjects,sealing contents and file management after sealing.After the criminal record is sealed,the positive limit of the reuse of minor criminal records after sealing is precisely defined according to different aspects such as inquiry subject,inquiry content and inquiry reason.At the same time,based on the functional orientation of the system,such as prohibiting labeling,restricting inquiry and limiting the access to information,we should scientifically grasp the negative limit of the reuse of minor criminal records after they are sealed.

关 键 词：轻罪治理 犯罪记录 有限封存 前科消灭 合理使用 

分 类 号：D9[政治法律—法学]