巫术的情感主义与社会功能——论马林诺夫斯基的经济巫术仪式研究  

The Emotionalism and Social Function of Magic--On Malinowski's Study of Economic Magic

作　　者：萧思良 XIAO Si-liang

机构地区：[1]南京大学,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《青海民族研究》2024年第4期105-113,共9页Qinghai Journal of Ethnology

摘　　要：马林诺夫斯基的巫术研究具有两个重要的方面,其一是巫术的情感起源说,其二则指向巫术作为社会传统的意义与功能。两种论述之间似乎存在断裂,但实际上有着深刻联系。个体情感起源说将巫术定位于一种普遍的人类心理能力,这种理论同样可见于马氏对科学以及形而上学的态度中。通过这种回归生理机制的处理,马氏将巫术与科学并置,二者对于人类社会的价值是相对而言的,无法用思维的进化论来衡量。在此基础上,借助特罗布里恩社会的民族志经验,马氏指出,作为情感力量的巫术在文化发育的过程中刺激着人类普遍的经济努力,成为一套指导经济实践的社会价值体系,并且通过与政治权威的结合形成以巫师—头人为领导的园艺经济制度,使园艺成为一项集体经济事业。在这一制度下,巫术与丰产成为村落共同体集体声望的表征,在等级制的调动下各村落展开声望竞赛,极大地促进园艺的发展与社会交换—联盟范围的扩大。个体也在这种激烈的竞赛氛围中,在充满社会价值和美学意义的园圃里,找到属于其文化的自由。Malinowski's study of magic has two important aspects.The first is the emphasis on the emotional origin and emotional power of magic,and the second is the significance and function of magic as a social tradition.There seems to be a break between the two theories,but in fact there is a profound connection.The theory of individual emotional origin positions magic as a universal human psychological ability,which can also be seen in Malinowski's attitude towards science and metaphysics.Through this treatment of returning to physiological mechanisms,Malinowski juxtaposes magic and science.The value of the two to human society is relative and cannot be measured by the evolution of mind.On this basis,with the ethnographic experience of Trobriand society,Malinowski pointed out that magic as an emotional force stimulates the universal economic efforts of mankind in the process of cultural development,becoming a set of social value systems guiding economic practices,and through the combination with political authority,it forms a horticultural economic system led by the witch-headman,making horticulture a collective economic undertaking.Under this system,witchcraft and fertility became the symbols of the collective prestige of the village community.Under the mobilization of the hierarchy,each village started a prestige competition,which greatly promoted the development of gardening and the expansion of social exchange-alliance.Individuals also found the freedom of their own culture in this passionate competitive atmosphere and in the gardens full of social value and aesthetic significance.

关 键 词：马林诺夫斯基 经济巫术 土地制度 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]