数据产权的力度和限度  

Forum on Data Ruleof Law

作　　者：申卫星[1] Shen Weixing

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《东方法学》2025年第1期31-45,共15页Oriental Law

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“互联网交易制度和民事权利保护研究”(项目批准号:20&ZD192);2024年度清华大学自主科研文科专项“我国人工智能立法研究”(项目批准号:2024THZWYY09)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：数字经济发展是否需要对数据进行确权,取决于确权说和行为规制说哪种方案有更大的优势。对此,确权说贯彻“有贡献即有回报”之理念,在保护层面上具有层次性、前瞻性和确定性,不仅局限于消极保护,更在于促进积极利用,形成有效市场规则,在意思自治基础上实现数据要素市场化最优配置。数据确权要兼顾数据来源者和数据处理者的各自贡献和诉求,在肯定原始数据初次分配给来源者的基础上,构建来源者二阶权利和处理者三权分置的产权体系。对行为规制说所担忧的反公地悲剧,本质是数据确权之后的数据限权问题。对此,应当坚持在确认权利、权益和利益三层次保护的基础上,承认数据产权的行使应受其他数据参与方竞争性权益,以及受公共利益和中小微企业经营利益制约,并通过合理使用、法定许可、强制缔约等制度具体构建数据产权的限制规范,从而构建既有力度又有限度的现代数据产权制度。Whether the development of the digital economy requires data rights confirmation depends on whether the "rights confirmation" or "behavioral regulation" approach offers greater advantages that the other does not. The rights confirmation approach advocates the idea that "contribution equals reward", providing layered, forward-looking, and definitive protection, not just passive protection but promoting active use to form effective market rules and optimize the market allocation of data elements on the basis of the autonomy of will. Data rights confirmation must consider both data sources and data processors' respective contributions and demands. On the basis of affirming the initial allocation of raw data to the sources, a property rights system with secondary rights for data sources and tertiary rights for processors should be constructed.Concerns raised by the behavioral regulation theory, such as the tragedy of the anti-commons,primarily address the limitations of data rights after confirmation. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold a three-tiered protection system for rights, interests, and benefits while acknowledging that the exercise of data property rights should be limited by competitive interests of other data participants, as well as by the public interests and the business interests of micro, small and medium enterprises, and constructing norms of the limitation of data property rights through the regimes of reasonable use, statutory licensing, and compulsory contracting, so as to build a modern data property rights system that is both robust and limited.

关 键 词：数据产权 数据要素 数据交易 数据来源者 反公地悲剧 数据法治 

分 类 号：DF51[政治法律—民商法学]