元宇宙虚拟财产属性的“准用物债二分说”  

On the "Property and Debt Dichotomy" for the Nature of Metaverse Virtual Property

作　　者：孙小雨 Sun Xiaoyu

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学民商法学院

出　　处：《东方法学》2025年第1期118-129,共12页Oriental Law

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“数字化与‘法律创生’原理阐发和机制构建”(项目批准号:23CFX078)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：元宇宙虚拟财产是网络虚拟财产的子类别,但用于界定网络虚拟财产属性的物权说、债权说、知识产权说、新型财产说和数据说难以独立适配于元宇宙虚拟财产。本质上,元宇宙虚拟财产是由网络环境中生成和存续的数据组成的信息,应适用何种财产权规则取决于:一方面,权利人对信息的支配是否必须由元宇宙运营商或技术社区辅助实现;另一方面,信息所承载的意义是否必须在元宇宙场域中才可解析。鉴于知识产权说适用门槛过高、新型财产说和数据说体系尚不健全,在当前元宇宙发展阶段宜通过“准用物债二分说”动态把握不同类型元宇宙虚拟财产的法律属性:一方面,以支配力为准绳,应对具有“绝对”对世性的去中心化数字资产、元宇宙用户数据、虚拟货币等准用物权规则,对支配需运营商辅助的用户账号、虚拟装备、元宇宙无主物等准用债权规则;另一方面,以意义场域为区分,应对构建于公有链上的元宇宙虚拟财产准用物权规则,对构建于联盟链上的元宇宙虚拟财产准用债权规则。Metaverse virtual property is a subcategory of online virtual property, but traditional theories such as the property theory, debt theory, intellectual property theory, novel property theory, and data theory, which are used to define the attributes of online virtual property,cannot independently apply to the nature of metaverse virtual property. Essentially, metaverse virtual property is information composed of data generated and existing within a network environment. The applicable property rules depend on two factors: first, whether the right holder's control over the information must be assisted by the metaverse operator or technology community;second,whether the meaning carried by the information must be interpreted within the metaverse domain.Given that the intellectual property theory has high application thresholds, and the novel property and data theories are still underdeveloped, it is advisable to adopt the "quasi-property and quasi-debt dichotomy" to dynamically grasp the legal attributes of different types of metaverse virtual property at the current stage. On one hand, using control as the standard, quasi-property rules should apply to decentralized digital assets, metaverse user data, virtual currency, and other forms of metaverse virtual property with "absolute" effect, while quasi-debt rules should apply to user accounts, virtual equipment, and ownerless metaverse property that require operator assistance for control. On the other hand, using the domain of meaning as a distinction, quasi-property rules should apply to metaverse virtual property built on public chains, while quasi-debt rules should apply to metaverse virtual property built on consortium chains.

关 键 词：元宇宙 元宇宙虚拟财产 网络虚拟财产 物权 债权 信息 

分 类 号：DF52[政治法律—民商法学]