锂离子电池用多孔硅基负极的研究进展  

Progress of Porous Silicon Based Electrode for Lithium-Ion Battery

作　　者：沈志远 孙清鹏 孙金峰 张少飞 SHEN Zhiyuan;SUN Qingpeng;SUN Jinfeng;ZHANG Shaofei(Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials,School of Materials Science and Engineering,Hebei University of Science and Technology,Shijiazhuang 050018,China)

机构地区：[1]河北科技大学材料科学与工程学院,河北省柔性功能材料重点实验室,河北石家庄050018

出　　处：《铜业工程》2025年第1期63-75,共13页Copper Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(52101251);河北省高等学校青年拔尖人才项目(BJK2023058)资助。

摘　　要：硅(Si)因具有高的理论比容量(4200 mAh/g)、较低的工作电压平台[0.2~0.3 V(vs.Li/Li^(+))]以及丰富的储量,被认为是下一代负极材料的优上之选。然而,Si负极在实际应用中存在两个亟待解决的关键问题:首先,Si属于半导体,导电能力差;其次,Si负极在脱/嵌锂过程中存在巨大的体积变化,会导致活性物质脱落乃至粉化,并引发固体电解质膜的反复形成与界面电阻升高,对倍率和循环性能产生不利影响。Si基材料中的多孔结构可以很好地缓解巨大的体积变化,并为电子/离子的传输提供更多的通道。同时,高的比表面积也有利于电极和电解质之间的充分接触,提供更多的反应场所。本文从Si负极的失效机制出发,综述了多孔Si基负极的孔结构调控、表面包覆、合金化以及一体化结构对储锂性能的影响,并分析了不同多孔Si改性的容量衰减机理。最后,就未来多孔Si基负极在下一代锂离子电池应用领域所面临的挑战与发展前景进行了展望。Silicon(Si)is considered as a potential next-generation negative electrode material due to its high theoretical specific capacity(4200 mAh/g),low operating voltage platform[0.2~0.3 V(vs.Li/Li^(+))],and abundant reserves.However,there are still two key issues to be solved in the practical application:First,Si is a semiconductor material which possesses poor electronic conductivity;Secondly,there is a huge volume change in the Si anode during the process of lithiation/delithiation process,which leads to the falling off of active materials and even pulverizing.Further,huge volume change can lead to the repeated formation of solid electrolyte(SEI)film and the increase of interface resistance,which have negative effects on capacities and cycle stabilities.Porous Si structure can provide more space for buffering the volume change and providing efficient electrons/ions transportation channels.Meanwhile,the high specific surface area also facilitates full contact between the electrode and the electrolyte,providing more reaction sites.Herein,based on the failure mechanism of silicon anode,the effects of porous microstructure,surface coating,silicon alloying,and free-standing structures on the performance of lithium storage were reviewed,and the capacity attenuation mechanism of different porous silicon modification was analyzed.Consequently,the challenges and development prospects of porous silicon-based negative electrode in the next generation of lithium-ion batteries were discussed.

关 键 词：高能量密度 纳米多孔硅 锂离子电池 衰减机理 

分 类 号：TK02[动力工程及工程热物理]