论(德国)刑法教义学的方法  

The Method of(German)Criminal Law Dogmatics

作　　者： 郑力凡(译) 陈璇(校)[2,4] Luís Greco

机构地区：[1]柏林洪堡大学法学院 [2]中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心 [3]中国人民大学法学院与柏林洪堡大学法学院 [4]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《法治现代化研究》2025年第1期180-190,共11页Law and Modernization

基　　金：2021年度北京市社会科学基金青年学术带头人项目“渎职犯罪的结果归责研究”(21DTR014)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：德国的刑法教义学不仅关注理论的演绎,而且更加关注对判例的研究,它是在理论与实践充分合作的基础上被建构起来的,二者共同表征何谓好的刑法科学。在德国以及其他国家都存在着一种误解,即德国刑法学是在学者们的理论聚讼下发展起来的。然而事实并非如此,德国刑法学中很多不受时代束缚的重要问题其实都源自对热点案件的关注,尤其是对联邦法院判例的研究。因此德国刑法教义学是由理论人士和实践人士共同推动的,故而德国刑法教义学的方法论也兼具理论性与实践性,前者体现为基于统一理念自上而下的演绎,后者则体现为基于司法判例自下而上的归纳。与此同时还需要注意的是,“来自事物的阻力”要求通过演绎所得出的结论应该通过真实案例予以检验,“目光的横向往返”则要求通过归纳所得的观点应该可以在同类案件中得以适用。在讨论正当化的攻击性紧急避险的根据与界限时,实践中案情的多样性决定了理论的复杂性,所以在区分权利是与生俱来抑或后天获得的两个视角的基础上,还需要针对这一问题展开更加深入且不局限于刑法视角的讨论,如此才能避免使其建立在一个过于狭隘的基础之上。German criminal law dogmatics not only focuses on the theoretical deduction but places greater emphasis on the study of case law.It is constructed on the basis of a full collaboration between theory and practice,with both representing what constitutes good criminal law science.There is a misunderstanding,both in Germany and other countries,that German criminal law scholarship has developed under the theoretical debates among scholars.However,this is not the case.Many important issues in German criminal law studies,which are not bound by the constraints of the times,actually arise from the focus on high-profile cases,particularly the study of federal court rulings.Thus,German criminal law dogmatics is driven jointly by theorists and practitioners.As a result,its methodology combines both theoretical and practical aspects:the former is reflected in top-down deduction based on a unified concept,while the latter is reflected in bottom-up induction based on judicial precedents.At the same time,it should also be noted that“determination of ideas by the matter”requires that the conclusions obtained through deduction should be tested through real cases,while“moving above all sideways in the scholar's gaze”requires that the ideas obtained through generalization should be applicable in similar cases.In discussing the foundation and limits of the justification of aggressive necessity,the diversity of cases in practice determines the complexity of the theory,so on the basis of distinguishing between the innate and acquired perspectives,it is necessary to discuss the issue in greater depth and not limited to the criminal law perspective,so as to avoid building on too narrow a foundation.

关 键 词：德国刑法科学 刑法教义学方法 正当化的攻击性紧急避险 

分 类 号：D951.6[政治法律—法学]