向日葵抗列当机制和防控技术研究进展  

Advancements of sunflower resistance mechanisms and control technologies on broomrape

作　　者：闫宁宁 张键[1] 赵君[1] YAN Ning-ning;ZHANG Jian;ZHAO Jun(Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010010,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学,内蒙古呼和浩特010010

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2025年第1期20-36,共17页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：国家现代产业技术体系(CARS-14);中央引导地方科技发展计划(2022ZY0075);内蒙古自治区重点研发和科技成果转化计划(2022YFXZ0039);自治区重点研发和成果转化国际合作项目(2023KJHZ0017)。

摘　　要：向日葵是重要的油料作物,在我国的种植面积和产量仅次于大豆、花生和油菜。列当的寄生导致向日葵植株矮小、籽粒灌浆不足,影响向日葵的产量和品质。列当于1866年在俄国的向日葵田被首次报导,随后因各国间的向日葵引种被广泛传播,给世界向日葵生产带来巨大危害。在罗马尼亚的调查发现,列当已经从A小种进化到了I小种甚至更高级别。列当毒力不断进化的原因主要有二,一是列当庞大的种子库提供了丰富的突变材料,二是各种群间或种群与野生种间的基因流动使基因组不断重组,提高了种群的遗传多样性,两者都加速了列当的毒力进化过程。向日葵对列当的抗性多数属于垂直抗性,由单个显性基因控制,抗性基因和列当中的无毒基因一一对应,符合基因对基因学说,可以运用于抗性育种,缺点是抗性容易被毒力更强的列当小种克服,因此需要聚合多个显性基因或数量抗性基因。抗性基因的挖掘方面,从农家种、栽培种和野生种中目前已经定位的基因包括Or1~Or7、OrDEB2和OrSII等。随着DNA分子标记的发展和向日葵基因组的发布,抗性基因的定位也更加精细,如OrDEB2基因定位在4号染色体上半段一个0.9 cM区间内,对应于基因组一个1.38 Mb的区间,共获得了9个候选基因可以直接应用于向日葵对列当抗性反应的研究。向日葵的列当抗性可分为3个阶段:芽管附着前、吸器初始化和吸器建立后,每个阶段都进化出了相应的物理和化学屏障阻止列当的寄生,因此利用向日葵的抗性机制培育不同的抗性品种成为防控列当最经济有效的手段之一。其它防控措施还包括列当发生早期的预测预报、农艺措施、化学防治和生物防治等,综合利用这些措施可以达到最佳防效。本文综述了列当种子萌发机理、列当的寄生过程、生理小种的国内外分布、向日葵抗列当机制以及新的列当防�Sunflower is considered one of the crucial oil crops,ranking only behind soybean,peanut and rapeseed on both area and yield in China.However its growth is manifestly stunted by broomrape with inadequate seed development,which was initially reported in Russia in 1866,sunflower broomrape proliferated extensively across sunflower-growing regions globally,leading substantial damage on sunflower production.To combat the prevalence of sunflower broomrape,researchers have focused on understanding its parasitic mechanisms,and also sunflower′s defenses for better control.Romania researchers revealed evolutionary transition of sunflower broomrape from race A to I and beyond.The sustained evolution of sunflower broomrape′s virulence stems from 2 primary factors.Firstly,sunflower broomrape′s expansive seed bank provides ample material for mutations.Secondly,gene exchanges among populations,and wild species continually reshuffles their genome,enhancing population genetic diversity and hastening sunflower broomrape′s virulence evolution.Most sunflower varieties exhibit vertical resistance to sunflower broomrape,which governed by a single dominant gene.Each resistance gene corresponds directly to an avirulence gene in sunflower broomrape,following the gene-for-gene interaction.While incorporating a single dominant gene expedites sunflower breeding for resistance,it remains rapidly overcome by new and more virulent race.Thus the future focus of resistance breeding might lean toward pyramiding multiple dominant genes or quantitative resistance genes.Researchers have devoted efforts to identify resistance genes,sourcing them from local,cultivated,and wild sunflower species.Identified genes to date include Or1-Or7,OrDEB2,and OrSII.Advances in DNA markers and sunflower genome refined mapping of these antagonistic genes.For instance,the OrDEB2 gene is located within a 0.9 cM-interval on chromosome 4′s upper segment,corresponding to 1.38 Mb-genome section,with 9 candidate genes available for direct application on resistance.

关 键 词：向日葵列当 向日葵抗列当机制 防控技术 

分 类 号：S435.65[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]