施肥时期对长江中游稻秸全量还田下免耕飞播油菜产量形成及养分吸收的影响  

Effect of fertilizing periods on yield formation and nutrient uptake in no-till aerial-sowing oilseed rape

作　　者：王崇铭 魏步青 陈玲英 孟孜贞 鲁明星 周志华 鲁剑巍[1] WANG Chong-ming;WEI Bu-qing;CHEN Ling-ying;MENG Zi-zhen;LU Ming-xing;ZHOU Zhi-hua;LU Jian-wei(College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation(Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China;Hubei Province Oilseed Rape Office,Wuhan 430070,China;Wuxue Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Hubei Province,Huanggang 435400,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室/华中农业大学微量元素研究中心,湖北武汉430070 [2]湖北省油菜办公室,湖北武汉430070 [3]武穴市农业农村局,湖北黄冈435400

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2025年第1期126-134,共9页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：国家油菜产业技术体系项目(CARS-12);湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BBB062);湖北省现代农业产业技术体系项目(HBHZD-2020-005)。

摘　　要：为确定免耕飞播油菜的适宜施肥时期,探索长江流域稻油轮作制度下稻秸全量还田油菜免耕飞播种植模式,于2020/2021年度和2021/2022年度在湖北省武穴市和黄陂区连续开展田间试验。试验设置7个处理,其中不施肥处理作为对照,其它处理的施肥时期分别为播种后3、5、7、9、12、17 d。通过调查关键生育期农艺性状、成熟期油菜籽产量及产量构成因子,测定油菜地上部养分积累量,明确适宜的施肥时期。结果表明,施肥时期显著影响油菜生育期农艺性状,相比其它处理,播种后5 d内施肥油菜的平均密度、株高、茎粗、越冬期最大叶面积分别增加43.2%、18.2%、13.9%、37.3%。施肥显著提高油菜籽产量,所有施肥处理的平均产量是对照(不施肥)的3.57倍;施肥时期显著影响油菜籽产量,2020/2021年度两个试验点在播种后5 d内施肥产量最高,比其它处理平均增产27.5%,2021/2022年度的两个试验点在播种后7 d内施肥产量最高,比其它处理平均增产33.8%。施肥时期显著影响收获密度和单株角果数,相比播种后5 d内施肥,其它处理平均收获密度降低19.9%,平均单株角果数减少16.9%。施肥时期显著影响肥料贡献率和养分积累量,两年试验播种后5 d内施肥对产量的贡献率和油菜地上部氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)积累量均达到最大,相比其它处理平均肥料贡献率增加16.2%,氮磷钾积累量分别提高19.2%、32.3%和34.5%。综上所述,免耕飞播油菜的适宜施肥时期为播种后7 d以内,以播种后5 d左右最佳;推迟施肥会降低油菜籽产量,即限制了油菜的养分吸收,阻碍了油菜群体生长构建和个体生长发育。In order to investigate the appropriate fertilizing periods for no-tillage aerial-sowing mode of oilseed rape with complete rice straw incorporation in the rice-oil cropping system in the Yangtze River Basin,4 consecutive field experiments were conducted in Wuxue and Huangpi City of Hubei Province in the years 2020/2021 and 2021/2022.7 treatments were set up in the experiment,with no fertilizer treatment as control.Fertilizing periods of the other treatments were 3,5,7,9,12 and 17 days after sowing,respectively.The optimal fertilizing periods for no-tillage aerial-sowing oilseed rape were determined by investigation of agronomic traits in reproductive period,and also rapeseed yield and its components at maturity period,and by calculation of nutrient uptake of the aboveground parts.Results indicated that fertilizing periods significantly affected agronomic traits.When fertilized within 5 days after sowing,the average of density,plant height,stem thickness,and maximum leaf area during the overwintering period of the fertility phase increased by 43.2%,18.2%,13.9%,and 37.3%than other 5 treatments respectively.Fertilizer application significantly increased rapeseed yield,and the average yield of all fertilizer treatments was 3.57 times higher than that of control(no fertilizer treatment).In the two-point trials in 2020/2021,rapeseed yield reached the highest when fertilizer was applied within 5 days after sowing,resulting in an average yield increase of 27.5%compared with the others.The two-point trials in 2021/2022,rapeseed yield was the highest when fertilized within 7 days after sowing,having 33.8%increase over the other treatments.Fertilizing periods significantly affected the harvest density and siliques per plant.Compared with fertilizer application within 5 days after sowing,the average harvest density of the other treatments was reduced by 19.9%,and the average siliques per plant were reduced by 16.9%.Fertilizing periods significantly affected the contribution rate of fertilizer and nutrient accumulation,and t

关 键 词：施肥时期 免耕飞播 油菜籽产量 产量构成因子 养分积累 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]