商业言论宪法保护的域外经验与中国路径  

Foreign Experience and Chinese Approach to the Constitutional Protection of Commercial Speech

作　　者：龙俊 LONG Jun(Fujian Normal University)

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学法学院

出　　处：《华中科技大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期103-115,共13页Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目“互联网领域商业诋毁法律认定研究”(22YJC820022);司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目“互联网视听节目监管法律制度研究”(21SFB3021)。

摘　　要：商业言论自由是现代宪法之言论自由在经济领域的自然延伸,其概念范围可以通过内涵设定与外延区分予以确认。作为宪法保护的逻辑起点,商业言论是自然人、法人或其他组织以语言、文字、图形、标识等方式作出的、影响自己或他人商业利益的言论。从域外实践来看,美国商业言论的宪法保护经历了从“完全拒绝”到“逐渐拥抱”四个阶段,法官们在分歧巨大的司法裁判中逐渐形成对商业言论提供“有限保护”的共识。欧洲法院对待商业言论的态度从一开始即表现得十分积极,虽然相关司法实践呈现出两种不同的保护模式,但是其自始至终均采取“商业言论与政治言论区别保护”的方法。美欧保护商业言论的实践经验可以为我国商业言论的宪法保护提供参考借鉴:一是通过宪法非原旨主义的解释方法和经济宪法的观察视角,明确商业言论同等保护的宪法立场;二是通过传统比例原则和域外“四步分析法”的相互融合,构建管制措施正当评价的基本方法;三是通过实体要素和程序制度的优化设计,完善关联规范合宪性审查的保障机制。The freedom of commercial speech is a natural extension of freedom of speech in modern constitutions to the economic field.Its conceptual scope can be identified through the methods of defining connotations and distinguishing denotations from the surface to the core.As the logical starting point of constitutional protection,commercial speech refers to the speech made by natural persons,legal persons or other organizations in the forms of language,text,graphics,logos,etc.,which affects their own or others’commercial interests.Judging from foreign practices,the constitutional protection of commercial speech in the United States has gone through four stages from“complete rejection”to“gradual acceptance”,and judges have gradually reached a consensus on providing“limited protection”for commercial speech in highly divergent judicial rulings.The European courts have been very active in its attitude towards commercial speech from the very beginning.Although the relevant judicial practices present two different protection models,they have always adopted the method of“differentiated protection of commercial speech and political speech”.The practical experience of the United States and Europe in protecting commercial speech can provide references for the constitutional protection of commercial speech in China:First,clarify the constitutional stance of equal protection of commercial speech through non-originalist interpretation methods and the perspective of economic constitutions;second,construct the basic method for the legitimate evaluation of regulatory measures through the integration of the traditional principle of proportionality and the foreign“four-part analysis”;third,further improve the guarantee mechanism for the constitutional review of related norms through the optimal design of substantive elements and procedural systems.

关 键 词：商业言论自由 绝对化用语 广告法 律师广告 合宪性审查 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]