数据确权的理论反思与重塑  

Theoretical Reflection and Reconstruction of Data Rights Confirmation

作　　者：姬蕾蕾 JI Leilei(Academy for China’s Rule-of-Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201620,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学中国法治战略研究院,上海201620

出　　处：《上海大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期15-29,共15页Journal of Shanghai University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(23YJC820014)。

摘　　要：探索数据产权制度框架是确保数据健康流通交易的制度前提。当前,数据确权的现实困境多归咎于数据天然的非排他性特征、传统劳动理论制度的局限以及其与数据公平利用制度的相悖。反思数据确权困境的根源在于,学界忽视了数字社会是数据价值存在的前提,混淆了数据权利的内在本质与外部效力,未能揭示数据权益构造的复合法律属性。探寻数据原权的发展脉络,从数据利益的算法识别到数据利益的司法确认,再到数据确权的技术实践,数据权利完成了从利益到权利的程序评价,为数据确权提供了正当性基础。在此基础上,数据的复合性结构决定了数据权利是以分享利用为实现方式的有限排他权,应从个人、企业及公共维度设计数据权利的互联构造方案。Exploring the framework of the system of data property rights is the institutional prerequisite for ensuring healthy circulation and transaction of data.Currently,the practical challenges of data rights confirmation are often attributed to the inherent non-exclusivity of data,the limitations of the traditional labor theory-based system,and their conflict with the principles of equitable data utilization.Reflecting on the root causes of these challenges reveals that academia has overlooked the fact that digital society is the foundation for the existence of data value,has confused the intrinsic nature of data rights with their external effects,and has failed to uncover the complex legal attributes underlying the construction of data rights.Tracing the developmental trajectory of original data rights,from the algorithmic identification of data interests to their judicial recognition and the technical practices of data rights confirmation,data rights have undergone a procedural transformation from interests to rights,thereby providing a legitimacy basis for data rights confirmation.On this foundation,the composite structure of data determines that data rights should be defined as limited exclusive rights realized through shared utilization.Accordingly,the interconnected design of data rights should be constructed across individual,corporate,and public dimensions.

关 键 词：数据权利 有限排他 信息信义义务 公共信托 

分 类 号：D922.29[政治法律—经济法学]