ICSID管辖的双重限制体系:本义、实践与改革  

A Dual System of Limitation on ICSID Jurisdiction:Original Intent,Practice and Reform

作　　者：黄钰 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院

出　　处：《武大国际法评论》2024年第6期131-155,共25页Wuhan University International Law Review

摘　　要：梳理谈判史发现,ICSID管辖规则设定了一个双重限制体系。“缔约方同意”是这一体系的基础,也是“仲裁庭权限”的根本来源;“中心的管辖”是这一体系的外部界限,而非仲裁庭可受理争端的范围。公约管辖条款不定义“投资”是不得已而为之,这也为双重限制体系施加了一个微妙的设定,使得本应谦抑的仲裁庭在管辖问题上占据主导地位。实践中,不少仲裁庭混淆了“中心的管辖”与“仲裁庭的权限”,未能遵循双重限制体系的本义。但“投资”客观标准的出现有其存在的必要。仲裁庭片面地解读投资协定目的背离了缔约方意愿,利用投资待遇条款突破管辖约定则是错误地理解了自身管辖的本质和属性,进一步侵蚀了作为双重限制体系基础的“缔约方同意”。缔约方应当充分把握自身对管辖的根本决定地位,利用投资协定对相关规则作出明确规定。多边层面,双重限制体系需要得到正确的澄清,可能建立的常设机制应该参照ICSID的经验,结合管辖的内在意涵合理设置相关规则。A review of the negotiation history reveals that the ICSID jurisdic-tional rules have established a dual-restriction system.“Consent of the contracting parties”is the foundation of this system and the ultimate source of“competence of the tribunal”;whereas“jurisdiction of the Center”constitutes the external boundary of this system,not the scope of disputes that the tribunal can accept.The omission of a definition for“investment”in the jurisdictional clause of the Convention was an unavoidable compromise,thus imposing a subtle setting on the dual-restriction system and allowing the arbitral tribunal to take a dominant position on jurisdiction-al issues.In practice,numerous tribunals have confused“jurisdiction of the Center”with“competence of the tribunal”,failing to adhere to the original intent of the du-alrestriction system.Nonetheless,the emergence of objective criteria for invest-ments serves a necessary purpose.The tribunals’partial interpretation of the pur-pose of investment agreements erodes the intentions of the contracting parties,and the misuse of investment treatment clause to bypass jurisdictional provisions repre-sents an erroneous understanding of the nature and attributes of their own jurisdic-tion,further damaging the“consent of the contracting parties,”which is the basis of the dual-restriction system.Contracting parties should fully grasp their fundamen-tal decisive role in jurisdictional matters and take full advantage of investment agreements to establish clear rules on jurisdiction.At the multilateral level,the du-alrestriction system needs to be correctly clarified,and the potential permanent mechanism should properly establish jurisdictional rules,drawing upon the experi-ence of ICSID and the inherent implications of jurisdiction.

关 键 词：国际投资仲裁 ICSID 管辖 自裁权限 投资界定 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]