重新发现“自然”:抗战前燕京学派社区研究传统的三重转换  

Rediscovering“Nature”:The Threefold Transformation of the Yenching School’s Sociological Tradition of Community Studies before the Anti-Japanese War

作　　者：刘圆圆 LIU Yuanyuan(Department of Sociology,Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系

出　　处：《社会》2025年第1期172-202,共31页Chinese Journal of Sociology

摘　　要：作为学科史研究对象的燕京学派,对其的讨论还远没有结束。本文沿着燕京大学社会学学科的发展轨迹,呈现抗战前社区研究传统的三重转换。早期燕大的社会学研究笼罩于“宗教与社会合一”的视角下,致力于社会再造。自许仕廉开始,衡量社会学学科发达的标准在于与自然科学的切近程度。作为社会试验所的清河市镇,是燕京学派“区域”研究传统的开端,将控制“自然”作为衡量社会进步的尺度。在吴文藻以功能分析涵化人文区位学的理论转向促成了社区研究的学术转向后,“文化”这一无法被控制的社会恒常,成为社区研究的重心。当“功能”取代了“因果”,“比较法”取代了“实验法”,“社会的自然史”取代了以往简单机械的“社会的历史重造”,也标志着社会学真正区别于自然科学的学科地位得以确立。在此过程中,自然科学与社会科学从来都不是彼此的对手,燕京学派的社区研究传统在改造自然的过程中从未脱离自然,而是建立在自然的基础之上逐渐转向关于“人”本身的文化分析。The discussion of the Yenching school,as an object of study in the history of sociology,is far from over.In the midst of the transformation of Chinese society,different generations of Yenching sociologists went deep into the countryside and suburbs,market towns and border regions,and produced a number of classic community studies that had become everlasting traditions.This paper follows the trajectory of the discipline of sociology at Yenching University to present the threefold transformation of the Yenching sociological community studies prior to the Anti-Japanese War.The early sociological studies at Yenching were shrouded in the God’s perspective of“one unity of religion and society”and were devoted to social reconstruction.Then from the time of Xu Shilian,the view became that the closer the research methods of sociology were to natural science,the more developed sociology would become.The town of Ching Ho,as a social laboratory,initiated the original tradition of“regional”studies,in which the control of“nature”was seen as a measure of social progress.The third academic shift came when Wu Wenzao incorporated the theoretical shift towards human ecology with functional analysis,and thereby“culture”,a social constancy that cannot be controlled,became the focus of community studies.When“function”replaced“causality”,“comparative method”replaced“experimental method”,“the natural history of society”replaced the previous simple and mechanical“historical reconstruction of society”,it marked the establishment of sociology as a discipline truly different from natural science.In this process,natural science and social science were never rivals to each other,and the community studies tradition of the Yenching school was never detached from nature in the process of transforming it,but rather they were built on the foundation of nature to approach step by step the cultural analysis of“human beings”themselves.

关 键 词：自然 燕京学派 教会大学 社区研究 清河试验 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]