“长江口二号”古船出水前后环境微生物变化分析  

Analysis of environmental microorganisms before and after salvage of the Yangtze River Estuary No.2 shipwreck

作　　者：周新光[1,2] 张赛伟 黄河[1,2] 钱晓雍[3] 高宇 赵叶飞 ZHOU Xinguang;ZHANG Saiwei;HUANG He;QIAN Xiaoyong;GAO Yu;ZHAO Yefei(Shanghai Museum,Shanghai 200003,China;Key Scientific Research Base of Museum Environment(Shanghai Museum),National Cultural Heritage Administration,Shanghai 200231,China;Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences,Shanghai 200233,China;College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China)

机构地区：[1]上海博物馆,上海200003 [2]馆藏文物保存环境国家文物局重点科研基地(上海博物馆),上海200231 [3]上海市环境科学研究院,上海200233 [4]东华大学环境科学与工程学院,上海201620

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2025年第1期1-11,共11页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：上海博物馆科研项目(2023GA04)资助。

摘　　要：微生物病害是出水木质古船面临的主要病害之一。其中,古船所处水/土环境中微生物的生长代谢或对古船产生直接危害,或通过改变古船所处环境进而影响文物安全,同时环境的改变也会反作用于微生物的群落结构和代谢特征。因此,环境和微生物构成相互影响的动态体系,系统、深入地研究两者之间的相互作用机制,及时发现风险甚至预测风险并采取科学有效的防治策略,是出水木质古船保护的重要方向。本研究采用环境监测结合现代分子生物学技术,对“长江口二号”古船出水前后的环境特征因子、微生物群落结构和潜在病害微生物进行分析。结果表明:“长江口二号”古船出水前后,水环境因子的变化幅度较大,水体微生物丰富度与多样性明显下降,尤其细菌丰富度大幅下降;沉积物环境因子的变化幅度比水环境因子的变化幅度小,同时微生物群落丰富度和多样性变化较小。沉积物和水环境中可参与降解木质素和纤维素的潜在病害微生物主要为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、曲霉菌(Aspergillus)和枝孢霉菌(Cladosporium)。此外,沉积物中存在比例较高的硫酸盐还原菌须引起关注。本研究初步建立了“长江口二号”古船环境因子-病害微生物监测评估方法体系,为后续通过科学化、系统化地积累基础数据进而采用统计分析和模型模拟手段评估甚至预测“长江口二号”古船的环境微生物风险状况奠定了基础。Microbial diseases are one of the main diseases faced by ancient wooden shipwrecks after salvage.Among them,the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in the water/soil environment where ancient shipwrecks are located may directly damage the shipwrecks or affect the safety of cultural relics by changing the environment.Meanwhile,the change of environmental factors also has a reverse effect on the community structure and metabolic characteristics of microorganisms.Therefore,environmental factors and microbial communities form a dynamic system that affects each other.It is an important direction for the conservation of ancient wooden shipwrecks to study the mechanism of interaction between microorganisms and environmental factors in a systematic and in-depth way,identify and even predict risks in time and adopt scientific and effective prevention and control strategies.In this study,the characteristics of environmental factors,microbial community structure and potential disease-causing microorganisms before and after salvage of the Yangtze River Estuary No.2 shipwreck were studied through environmental monitoring and sequencing technologies.The results show that:1)before and after salvage of the Yangtze River Estuary No.2 shipwreck,the change of water environmental factors was bigger,and the microbial richness and diversity decreased significantly,especially the bacterial richness;2)the change of sediment environmental factors was smaller,and the richness and diversity of microbial community also changed less.The main microorganisms involved in the degradation of lignin and cellulose in the sediment and water environment were Bacillus,Aspergillus and Cladosporium.In addition,a high proportion of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment need to be considered.This study has initially established a monitoring and assessment system for environmental factors and disease-causing microorganisms of the Yangtze River Estuary No.2 shipwreck,laying a foundation for the subsequent scientific and systematic accumulation of ba

关 键 词：“长江口二号”古船 出水前后 环境因子 微生物分析 古船保护 风险评估 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]