国际视野中的生育休假制度:比较与借鉴  

Parental Leave Systems in an International Perspective:Comparison and Lessons Learned

作　　者：杨雪燕[1] 唐玲 崔伟芳 YANG Xue-yan;TANG Ling;CUI Wei-fang(Institute for Population and Development Studies,School of Public Policy and Administration,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an Shaanxi,710049,China)

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学公共政策与管理学院人口与发展研究所,西安710049

出　　处：《西北人口》2025年第1期72-86,共15页Northwest Population Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(23&ZD185)“中国家庭结构功能变迁及发展能力提升研究”资助。

摘　　要：文章分别从政策理念、政策目标、政策内容、政策效果四个要素构建生育休假制度分析框架,采用瑞典、丹麦、德国、意大利、英国、美国、日本、韩国和中国有关生育休假制度的二手数据,对不同福利类型国家的生育休假制度进行对比和分析。研究发现,社会福利制度类型深刻影响各国生育休假制度理念,在不同的政策理念影响下,各国在政策目标、政策内容、政策效果方面存在明显差异。当前的生育休假制度的设计理念主要包括“普惠性-双职工”与“补缺性-男性单职工”两种模式;但是随着世界人口与政治形势的变化,两种模式的福利类型国家在操作化层面有趋同的趋势;不同福利类型的国家和地区在生育休假制度目标设计上同时涵盖提升总和生育率与促进女性就业率,但在具体的生育休假期限与生育休假成本分担机制的设计上存在差异;当国家在生育休假成本分担中呈现主体地位时,其总和生育率与女性就业率均呈现出更为积极的发展态势,反之亦反。基于研究结果,建议遵循“普惠性-双职工模式”的政策理念、确定提升生育率和女性就业率双重政策目标、合理设计生育休假期限、彰显国家在生育休假成本分担机制当中的主导作用,以完善我国生育休假制度、促进家庭分工平衡、减轻家庭和企业生育负担、营造生育友好环境。The thesis constructs an analytical framework for the Parental leave systems from four elements:policy philosophy,policy objective,policy content,and policy effect,and compares and analyses the Parental leave systems of countries with different welfare types by using secondary data on the Parental leave systems of Sweden,Denmark,Germany,Italy,the United Kingdom,the United States,Japan,the Republic of Korea,and China.It was found that the type of social welfare system profoundly influences the philosophy of the parental leave systems in each country.Under the influence of different policy philosophies,there are obvious differences in policy objectives,policy contents,and policy effects among countries.The design concepts of the current Parental leave systems mainly include two models:‘universal-dual-earner’and‘residual-male single-earner’;however,with the changes in the world's demographic and political situation,there is a tendency of convergence in the operationalization of these two models in different countries and regions with varying types of welfare systems.Countries and regions with different welfare types systems have designed their Parental leave systems in such a way as to increase the total fertility rate(TFR)and promote female employment,but there are differences in the duration of Parental leave and the design of the cost-sharing mechanism for Parental leave;when the country plays a dominant role in sharing the cost of Parental leave,both the TFR and the female employment rate develop more positively,and the reverse is true as well.Based on the results of the study,it is recommended to follow the policy philosophy of‘universal’and‘dual-earner model’,set the dual policy goals of increasing fertility rate and female employment rate,reasonably design the duration of Parental leave,and highlight the leading role of the state in the mechanism of sharing the cost of Parental leave,to improve the system of Parental leave in China,promote the balance of the household labor division,reduce the

关 键 词：生育休假制度 社会政策分析 国际比较 借鉴 

分 类 号：C923[社会学—人口学] D523[政治法律—政治学]