制度功利主义对结果不确定性问题的结构性反思——基于罗素·哈丁在道德策略研究中的范式革新  

The Structural Reflection of Institutional Utilitarianism on the Issue of Uncertainty of Outcome——Based on Russell Harding's Paradigm Renovation in the Study of Moral Strategies

作　　者：张敏[1] ZHANG Min

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学哲学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《学术月刊》2025年第1期90-98,共9页Academic Monthly

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“当代西方制度功利主义政治哲学研究”(18CZZ006)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：源于经验论传统的功利主义一般采取结果主义的形式,即认为功利最大化原则乃是基于对结果的计算。然而,此种功利计算的可行性以及计算结果的准确性均使其遭受较大理论质疑。当代行为功利主义和规则功利主义由于受到研究范式的限制,主要从微观理性行为出发思考社会的公共道德规范,无法有效解决上述理论问题。以罗素·哈丁为代表的当代制度功利主义则推动了一场结构性的范式革新,在提出三种理性局限的基础之上,将结果不确定性内化为不同类型的道德策略的互动结构,并通过博弈论的方法研究其中结果功利的激励状况,最终将其推广为深入到社会结构之中的制度安排和权利保护。制度功利主义从广义上解释了行为、规则与制度的内在统一,较为妥善地解决了当代功利主义内部的理论争议,同时站在更高的道德视域上回应了新自由主义的挑战和批评。Utilitarianism originating from the empiricism tradition generally takes the form of consequentialism,that is to say,the principle of utilitarian maximization is based on the calculation of results.However,the feasibility of this utilitarian calculation and the accuracy of the calculation results have made it subject to great theoretical doubts.Contemporary Act-utilitarianism and Rule-utilitarianism are limited by research paradigms,and they mainly think about social public ethics from the perspective of micro-rational behavior,which cannot efrectively solve the theoretical problems above.The contemporary institutional utilitarianism represented by Russell Harding has promoted a structural paradigm innovation.On the basis of proposing three rational limitations,the uncertainty of outcome is internalized into an interactive structure of different types of moral strategies,and through the method of game theory,the incentive situation of outcome utilitarianism is studied,and finally it is extended to institutional arrangements and rights protection that go deep into the social structure.Institutional utilitarianism explains the internal unity of behavior,rules and institutions in a broad sense,solves the theoretical disputes within contemporary utilitarianism more properly,and responds to the challenges and criticisms of New Liberalism from a higher moral perspective.

关 键 词：制度功利主义 结果不确定性 道德策略 罗素·哈丁 

分 类 号：D0[政治法律—政治学]