不同种植模式下苹果园主要害虫和天敌种群动态及时间生态位  

Population dynamics and temporal niche of main pests and natural enemies in apple orchards under different planting patterns

作　　者：李貌 陈思蓉 黄国嫣 龚占斌 李超 张金龙[1] 陈国华[1] 李云国 张晓明[1] LI Mao;CHEN Sirong;HUANG Guoyan;GONG Zhanbin;LI Chao;ZHANG Jin-long;CHEN Guohua;LI Yunguo;ZHANG Xiaoming(College of Plant Protection,Yunnan Agricultural University,National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan,Kunming 650201,China;Beijing Zhongdun Anmin Analysis Technology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 102200,China;Apple Industry Research Institute of Zhaotong,Zhaotong 657000,Yunnan,China)

机构地区：[1]云南农业大学植物保护学院,云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室,昆明650201 [2]北京中盾安民分析技术有限公司,北京102200 [3]昭通市苹果产业发展中心,云南昭通657000

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2025年第2期471-481,共11页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：云南省昭阳区苹果产业科技特派团项目(202104BI090028);兴滇英才支持计划青年人才专项(YNWRNBJ2020291);云南省中青年学术技术带头人后备人才项目(202105AC160071);云南省重大科技专项(202102AE090006)资助。

摘　　要：为明确昭通市不同种植模式的苹果园中主要害虫和天敌的种类及发生规律,以自然生草、间作大豆和间作紫花苜蓿三种常见种植模式的苹果园为研究对象,采用五点取样法进行调查,利用四分位法划分主要害虫及其天敌的发生时期,并使用时间生态位指数分析主要害虫及其天敌间的跟随关系。结果表明:苹果园主要害虫为苹果黄蚜、小绿叶蝉、桔小实蝇,主要天敌为巨斑边食蚜蝇、月斑鼓额食蚜蝇、中华通草蛉、黄褐草蛉、异色瓢虫;三种害虫在自然生草苹果园的主要发生期持续时间均最长,发生的最高峰均最早,其中苹果黄蚜的主要发生期持续时间最长,发生最高峰最早,种群数量在7月19日达最大值124.44头·板^(-1);三种苹果园中巨斑边食蚜蝇的总发生量均最大,其中间作紫花苜蓿苹果园的天敌数量最高,该园中巨斑边食蚜蝇在8月23日达最大值3.22头·板^(-1);巨斑边食蚜蝇对苹果黄蚜有明显的跟随效应,月斑鼓额食蚜蝇、中华通草蛉对小绿叶蝉有明显的跟随效应;间作紫花苜蓿苹果园较自然生草苹果园生态稳定,利于天敌的繁衍;主要天敌对苹果园害虫具有一定的自然控害能力,该结果可为苹果园害虫的科学防控提供参考。To clarify the species identity and occurrence regularity of main pests and natural enemies in different apple orchards in Zhaotong,we investigated three commonly planting patterns of apple orchards,including natural grass,intercropping soybean,and intercropping alfalfa,by five⁃point sampling method.The occurrence periods of major pest insects and their natural enemies were divided by the quartile method.The temporal niche index was used to analyze the relationship between the main pest insects and their natural enemies.The results showed that the main pest insects in apple orchards were Aphis citricola,Jacobiasca formosana,and Bactrocera dorsalis,and the main natural enemies were Didea fasciata,Lasiopticus selenitica,Chrysopa sinica,Chrysopa yatsumats,and Harmo⁃nia axyridis.Among the three patterns of apple orchards,the longest duration of main occurrence period and earliest occurrence peak of the three pest insect species were recorded in the natural grass orchard.Among the three pest species,A.citricola had the longest duration and earliest occurrence peak during the main occurrence period,with a maximum population density of 124.44 individuals per sticky board on July 19th.D.fasciata had the largest total occurrence number in the three orchards.The population size of natural enemies was the highest in the intercropping alfalfa orchard.The population size of D.fasciata in intercropping alfalfa orchard reached the maximum of 3.22 individuals per sticky board on August 23rd.D.fasciata had following effect on A.citricola,while L.selenitica and C.sinica had following effect on J.formosana.In conclusion,the orchard intercropping with alfalfa is more ecologically stable than orchard with the natural grass,as it is conducive to the reproduction of natural enemies.The main natu⁃ral enemies in apple orchards have certain natural control abilities to natural insect pests.Our results can provide a reference for the scientific control of insect pests in apple orchards.

关 键 词：自然生草 间作 主要发生期 生态位宽度 生态位重叠 

分 类 号：S476[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治] S436.611.2[农业科学—植物保护]