灰鹤在中国的越冬适宜栖息地预测及种群分布的关键影响因子  

Prediction of suitable overwintering habitat for Grus grus and key factors influencing population distribution in China

作　　者：鄢忠山 邵明勤[1] 王剑颖 YAN Zhongshan;SHAO Mingqin;WANG Jianying(College of Life Science,Jiangxi Normal University,Nanchang 330022,China)

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学生命科学学院,南昌330022

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2025年第2期578-586,共9页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32360142)资助。

摘　　要：灰鹤是我国广泛分布的大型涉禽,其种群呈增长趋势。明确灰鹤越冬适宜栖息地及种群分布的关键影响因子对灰鹤种群保护具有指导意义。本研究利用MaxEnt模型,以灰鹤越冬期300个分布位点为基础,结合气候、地形、土地利用、归一化植被指数和人为干扰5大类共26个生态因子对我国灰鹤的越冬适宜栖息地进行预测。结果表明:灰鹤东部种群越冬栖息地选择的主导因子为海拔、距水源距离、最干季降水量和温度季节性变化;中部种群为距水源距离、最冷季降水量、海拔、最冷季平均温度和距村庄距离;西部种群为等温性、距村庄距离、海拔和距水源距离。灰鹤在我国东部的高适宜越冬地面积为33730.91 km^(2),主要分布在我国华北平原及长江中下游湿地;中部高适宜越冬地面积为19336.81 km^(2),主要分布于山西、陕西和河南的黄河湿地;西部高适宜越冬地面积为52243.06 km^(2),主要分布于西藏南部、云南北部和贵州西部的湿地和耕地交错区。我国灰鹤对环境较恶劣的高海拔及高纬度地区均有一定适应性,其适宜栖息地几乎遍布全国。本研究结果可为灰鹤种群的保护及管理提供指导。Common cranes(Grus grus) are large wading birds widely distributed across China, with populations showing an increasing trend. Identifying the key factors influencing the suitable overwintering habitats and population distribution of G. grus is essential for guiding species conservation. We employed the MaxEnt model to predict the suitable overwintering habitats of G. grus in China, using 300 distribution points from the overwintering period and incorporating 26 ecological factors, including climate, topography, land use, normalized difference vegetation index, and human disturbance. The results showed that the primary factors influencing the selection of overwintering habitats for the eastern population of G. grus included elevation, distance to water sources, precipitation of the driest quarter, and temperature seasonality. For the central population, distance to water sources, precipitation of the coldest quarter, elevation, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, and distance to villages were the key factors. Isothermality, distance to villages, elevation, and distance to water sources were the key factors influencing the western population. The area of highly suitable overwintering habitats for G. grus in eastern China was 33730.91 km^(2), primarily located in the North China Plain and the wetlands of the middle and lower Yangtze River. In central China, the area was 19336.81 km^(2), mainly found in the wetlands of the Yellow River in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. In western China, the area was 52243.06 km^(2), predominantly distributed in the wetlands and cropland-mosaic areas of southern Xizang, northern Yunnan, and western Guizhou. Suitable habitats for G. grus were found across nearly all of China, with the species exhibiting adaptability to harsh environments, such as high-altitude and high-latitude areas. Our results could provide guidance for the conservation and management of G. grus.

关 键 词：灰鹤 MaxEnt模型 越冬栖息地 气候变化 

分 类 号：Q958.1[生物学—动物学]