《联合国海洋法公约》中直线基线规则发展的司法能动主义之维  

Judicial Activism in the Development of the Rules of Straight Baselines in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

作　　者：张华[1] ZHANG Hua

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院

出　　处：《国际法学刊》2025年第1期77-100,156,157,共26页Journal of International Law

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金一般项目“涉外法治进程中我国对外关系法体系化问题研究”(22BFX139)的阶段性成果,同时得到国家留学基金资助。

摘　　要：《联合国海洋法公约》第7条规定的直线基线规则属于国际法上司法造法的成功典型。随着国家实践的陆续发展,《公约》中较为原则和抽象的规定在解释和适用中争议不断。国际法院新近在尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚“被控诉违反加勒比海主权权利和海洋空间案”中发挥了司法能动主义,对沿海国适用直线基线的前提条件进行了迄今为止最为详细的解释,首次将“遮盖效应”转化为直线基线的评估标准,事实上突破了《公约》第7条的文义范畴,明显构成司法造法。国际法院此番在直线基线问题上的创造性裁决开启了新一轮的司法造法进程,将持续影响后续有关直线基线的国际法律商谈。但是,由于方法论方面的缺陷,国际法院的法律推理和裁决结论不值得过分推崇。考虑到国家实践的多元化趋势,国际社会理应对直线基线持更加宽容的态度。《公约》中的直线基线规则宜提倡动态和灵活的解释路径。The rules of straight baselines as enshrined in Article 7 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)constitutes a successful example in terms of judicial lawmaking in international law.With the successive development of State practices,the principled and abstract provisions in UNCLOS are faced with lasting controversies in interpretation and application.By exercising judicial activism in Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea(Nicaragua v.Colombia),International Court of Justice(ICJ)carried out the most elaborate interpretation to date on the precondition for applying straight baselines,and for the first time transformed the doctrine of'masking effect'into a criterion for assessing straight baselines,which surpasses the literal scope of Article 7 of UNCLOS and apparently constitutes judicial lawmaking.The creative decision of ICJ with regard to straight baselines ushers a new round of judicial lawmaking process,which shall persistently influence the international legal discourse on straight baselines.However,due to the shortcomings in the light of methodology,the legal reasoning and final decision of ICJ should not be advocated excessively.Considering the trend of diversity arising in State practices,international community should adopt a more tolerant attitude towards straight baselines.A dynamic and flexible approach should be advocated in interpreting the rules of straight baselines in UNCLOS.

关 键 词：直线基线 遮盖效应 司法造法 司法能动主义 《联合国海洋法公约》 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]