摄类学“phye ba”与藏文文法“词、句、字”的问题  

A Study of‘phye-ba’in Logic and‘Word,Sentence and Letter’in Tibetan Grammar

作　　者：冷智多杰 Lhundrup Dorje(Qinghai Normal University)

机构地区：[1]青海师范大学民族师范学院

出　　处：《青海师范大学学报(藏文版)》2024年第4期83-91,共9页Journal of Qinghai Normal University (Tibetan language)

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项“藏传因明与形式逻辑推理方式比较研究”(22VJXG002)。

摘　　要：随着藏学研究的深入,藏文文法、修辞学、文学、历史等领域的研究取得了显著成果。然而,相较于这些热门领域,摄类学作为藏学的重要组成部分,其学习与研究却相对较少。文章运用摄类学“分类”理论,探讨藏文文法中“词、句、字”在概念上的混淆问题。通过分析得出,虽然藏文文法中词与句之间具有交叉关系,并不存在相违关系。但是,“词、句、字三种分类”之词与句二者即是相违关系。语法中,一般的“词”与“词、句、字三种分类”之“词”之间存在着很大的差异。如:对“sgr mi rtag pa”和“khng bvi ka ba”之能诠声而言,二者既可以说是词语,也可以说是句子。但从“词、句、字三种分类”逻辑而言,此二种语词只能是“词、句、字三种分类”之“句子”,而非“词语”。同样,一般的“字”和“词、句、字三种分类”之“字”之间也存在差别,即“词、句、字三种分类”之“字”指具有所闻性之语调,是形成一切语句的“基字”。然而,一般情况的“字”并非仅指具有语调性质的基字,亦包含了“词语”和“句子”。由此推论,藏文文法的研习中引入摄类学之“分类”理论,不仅可以深化藏文文法的研究,而且对厘清词语、句子、文字三者的内涵与外延关系,具有辅助性和建设性的重要意义。With an indepth trend of Tibetan studies,significant achievements have been made in fields such as Tibetan grammar,rhetoric,literature,and history.However,compared to these popular fields,the study and research of Tibetan logic,an important part of Tibetan studies,are relatively less.This paper mainly explores and reveals the confusion of concepts of word,sentence,and letter in Tibetan grammar through the vocabulary‘phye-ba’in Tibetan logic.Through the analysis,it is concluded that although there is no contradiction between words and sentences in Tibetan grammar,they have an intersecting relationship,but the relationship between words and sentences in the‘three classification of words,sentences,and letters’is contradictory.In grammar,there is a big difference between the general‘word’and the word in the‘three classification of word,sentence,and letter’.Similarly,the general‘letter’and the letter in‘three classification of word,sentence,and letter’are also different.Therefore,the introduction of the‘classification’theory of Tibetan logic into the study of Tibetan grammar not only deepens the research on Tibetan grammar,but also has an auxiliary and constructive significant meaning in clarifying the connotation and extension of the relationship between words,sentences,and letters.

关 键 词：摄类学 分类理论 文法 词句字三聚 

分 类 号：H03[语言文字—语言学]