暴雨作用下排土场平台—边坡系统土体养分流失特征  

Nutrient loss characteristics in dump waste platform-slope systems under heavy rainfall

作　　者：赵蕴仪 曹小平 刘媛 吕刚 Zhao Yunyi;Cao Xiaoping;Liu Yuan;Lu Gang(College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Liaoning Technical University,Fuxin,Liaoning 123000,China;Wudi County Urban and Rural Water Development Service Center,Wudi,Shandong 251900,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁工程技术大学环境科学与工程学院,辽宁阜新123000 [2]无棣县城乡水务发展服务中心,山东无棣251900 [3]内蒙古赤峰市克什克腾旗青山林场,内蒙古赤峰024000

出　　处：《水土保持通报》2025年第1期58-64,104,共8页Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目“辽东水源涵养林区矿山废弃地生态修复关键技术研究”(XLYC2007046)。

摘　　要：[目的]探讨中国矿区排土场平台边坡系统土体养分流失的特征及过程,为排土场土壤养分流失防治等问题提供理论依据。[方法]以辽宁省阜新市海州露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,通过相似模拟原理建立排土场平台—边坡系统室内模型,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究不同降雨强度(60,90,120 mm/h)条件下排土场平台—边坡系统土体养分流失的过程及特征。[结果](1)随着降雨强度的不断增大,排土场平台—边坡土壤氮、磷、钾养分浓度的变化状况均呈先降低,随后升高,又逐渐降低的趋势,总体趋势表现为:60 mm/h>90 mm/h>120 mm/h。(2)随着降雨强度的不断增大,排土场平台边坡土壤中各种径流养分流失量都增大,其中TN,TP,TK径流养分流失量均随雨强的增大而增大,而NO_(3)^(-)-N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,AP和AK径流养分流失量却随雨强的增大变化不明显。(3)排土场平台边坡土壤泥沙养分流失浓度均大于地表径流中的养分浓度;泥沙养分流失量均随降雨强度的增大而增大。(4)随着降雨强度的增大,土壤泥沙中全氮、全钾的养分富集率也随之增大,表现为:TN>TP>TK。[结论]排土场平台—边坡系统土体形态特征复杂,其土壤养分流失浓度主要受降雨强度和土壤本身两个因素的共同影响。[Objective]The characteristics and processes of soil nutrient loss in the platform slope system of a discharge site in China’s mining area were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling nutrient loss at discharge sites.[Methods]Using the discharge site of the Haizhou open-pit coal mine in Fuxin City,Liaoning Province,as the research object,an indoor model of the platform-slope system of the discharge site was established through the principle of a similar simulation,and an artificial rainfall simulation test was used to study the process and characteristics of nutrient loss from the platform-slope system of the discharge site under different rainfall intensities(60,90,and 120 mm/h).[Results]①With escalating rainfall intensity,the soil nutrient concentrations for nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in the dump waste platform-slope system exhibited a pattern of initial decline,subsequent rise,and then a gradual decrease,60 mm/h>90 mm/h>120 mm/h for each intensity.②The runoff nutrient loss from the platform slope soil increased with increasing rainfall intensity,notably for total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),and total potassium(TK).However,the loss of nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N),ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N),available phosphorus(AP),and available potassium(AK)in runoff did not change significantly with increasing rainfall intensity.③The nutrient concentration in the soil sediment from the dump waste platform slope consistently exceeded that found in surface runoff,with sediment nutrient loss escalating as the rainfall intensity increased.④The enrichment ratio of total nitrogen and total potassium in soil sediment rose with greater rainfall intensity,expressed as TN>TP>TK.[Conclusion]The concentration of soil nutrients lost in the dump waste platform-slope system was predominantly influenced by rainfall intensity and soil characteristics.

关 键 词：排土场平台—边坡系统 降雨强度 径流 泥沙 养分流失 富集率 水土流失 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]