未成年人致人损害的监护人责任研究  

A Study on Guardian Liability for Damages Caused by Minors

作　　者：曹权之 CAO Quanzhi(Law School of Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《现代法学》2025年第1期178-194,共17页Modern Law Science

摘　　要：鉴于未成年人通常没有财产的现实情况及法律优先保护未成年人生存权、发展权的价值取向,《民法典》第1188条将未成年人排除在损害赔偿责任的承担主体之外,并将监护人责任强化为无过错责任。监护人责任属于对他人不当行为的损害赔偿责任,其成立要求未成年人实施理性人意义上的侵权行为。《民法典》第1189条和第1169条第2款规定的“相应的责任”属于过错责任,此等责任在行为人的过错范围内分别与监护人的责任和教唆、帮助人的责任发生重合,重合部分的责任对外应由责任人共同承担。实际承担责任的一方能否向另一方追偿,由是否存在相应合同关系决定。离婚父母应当对未成年人造成的损害共同对外承担责任。与未成年人形成抚养教育关系的继父母,应当对未成年人造成的损害承担赔偿责任,其责任形态由继父母在监护关系中起到的实际作用决定。从未成年人财产中支付赔偿费用不构成未成年人对受害人承担“公平责任”,其本质上是对监护人和未成年人的内部财产关系作出的一种制度安排。In view of the reality that minors typically lack personal assets and the legal priority to protect the minors’rights to survival and development,Article 1188 of The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China excludes minors as subjects of liability for damages and reinforces guardian liability into a form of no-fault liability.Guardian liability,categorized as vicarious liability for the wrongful acts of others,requires that the minor’s conduct constitutes a tort in the sense of a reasonable person.The“corresponding liability”stipulated under Article 1189 and Article 1169(2)of The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is fault-based liability,which overlaps respectively with the guardian liability and the liability of the abettor or instigator to the extent of the fault of the perpetrator,and the overlapping portion of the liability should be assumed jointly by the liable persons.Whether a party who actually assumes liability can seek recourse against another person depends on the existence of a corresponding contractual relationship between them.Divorced parents should be jointly liable for damages caused by their minor child.A stepparent who has is in a foster and educational relationship with the minor is liable for the damages caused by the minor,and the form of liability should be determined by the actual role played by the stepparent in the guardian relationship.Payment of compensation from the minor’s assets does not constitute“equitable liability”on the part of the minor toward the victim;instead,it is essentially an institutional arrangement governing the internal property relationship between the guardian and the minor.

关 键 词：未成年人 监护人责任 侵权责任能力 相应的责任 “公平责任” 

分 类 号：DF526[政治法律—民商法学]