秦统一前后的制度演变与天下治理思想探析  

An Analysis of the Evolution of Institutions and Governance Ideas before and after the Unification of the Qin Dynasty

作　　者：李禹阶[1] Li Yujie

机构地区：[1]重庆师范大学历史与社会学院

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2025年第1期113-132,155,156,F0003,共23页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“秦汉时期的国家构建、民族认同与社会整合研究”(17ZDA180)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：秦王朝统一六国前后,其政治体制及天下理念曾经历曲折的调整、博弈过程。随着战国中后期秦国确立对关东六国的政治、军事优势,商鞅变法建构的“国家本位”体制逐渐向“君主本位”体制转型,致使秦国的君主集权政治迅速发展。面对即将统一六国的局面,秦国内部出现了关于如何治理天下的两种政治思想的博弈:以吕不韦为代表的“王霸”派主张以“仁礼”“义行”治理天下;以李斯为代表的战国后期秦法家则主张以“力术”“霸政”治理天下。由于秦国存在强大的法家传统,故而后者最终取得了胜利。这导致秦王朝在统一后错失了建构“义行”以成“帝业”的机会,而仍以法家的“霸政”之术行“帝业”之治,由此构成其制度体系的结构性缺陷。The Qin Dynasty underwent a complex process of adjustment and contention in its political system and governance concepts before and after the unification of the six states.As the Warring States period progressed into its later stages,with Qin establishing political and military dominance over the other six states,the“state-centric system”constructed by Shang Yang’s reforms gradually transitioned towards a“monarch-centric system”,leading to the rapid development of an autocratic monarchy in Qin.Faced with the impending unification of the six states,two competing political philosophies emerged within Qin regarding how to govern the realm:the“kingcraft and hegemony”faction,represented by LüBuwei,advocated for governance through“benevolence and rites”and“righteous actions”,while the later legalists,represented by Li Si and others,promoted governance through“power and strategy”and“hegemonic politics”.Due to the strong legalist tradition in Qin,the latter ultimately prevailed.This led to the Qin Dynasty missing the opportunity to construct a governance model based on“righteous actions”for carrying out“imperial governance”after unification;instead,it continued to practice legalist“hegemonic politics”for“imperial governance”,thus constituting structural flaws in its institutional system.

关 键 词：秦王朝 “霸政”之术 “帝业”之治 《吕氏春秋》 制度缺陷 

分 类 号：K232[历史地理—历史学]