清代乌鲁木齐都统述论——兼论清代新疆两军府制  

Discussion on the Urumqi Commander-in-Chief during the Qing Dynasty——With Consideration of the Dual Military System in Xinjiang

作　　者：王希隆 Wang Xilong

机构地区：[1]宁夏大学民族与历史学院,750021

出　　处：《中国边疆史地研究》2024年第4期74-86,218,219,共15页China's Borderland History and Geography Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“清朝驱准保藏与治边安边政策调整研究”(23CZS043)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：清朝统一新疆后,传承与发展汉唐军府管理体制,设伊犁将军总统天山南北。伊犁将军与参赞大臣组合制是清朝军府制的基本结构,乾隆三十八年乌鲁木齐都统的设立则是对这一基本结构的完善。都统的设立是出于乌鲁木齐军政区处于双重管辖事权不一以及管辖驻防满营和加强对新疆东部的控制等原因。乌鲁木齐都统统辖驻防满营、绿营,镇迪道府厅州县系统官员为其属员,并监察境内维吾尔、土尔扈特札萨克王公家族,负责喀什噶尔军政区的部分防务。虽然有都统受将军节制之规定,但将军、都统品秩相等,直辖兵力相当,清朝在新疆实际上设立了两个军府。新疆建省后乌鲁木齐成为省会,重要原因之一即军府制施行期间,乌鲁木齐军政区各方面的发展领先于其他区域,具有良好的基础。After the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang,it inherited and further developed the military system established during the Han and Tang Dynasties.A pivotal component of this system was the establishment of the General of Ili(伊犁将军),responsible for overseeing both northern and southern Tianshan Mountains.The combination of the General of Ili and the Grand Minister Consultant(参赞大臣)formed the basic structure of the Qing military-governorate system.The creation of the Urumqi Commander-in-Chief(乌鲁木齐都统)in the 38th year(1773)of Emperor Qianlong's reign further strengthened this fundamental structure.The establishment of the Commander-in-Chief was driven by several factors,including the need to address the dual jurisdiction and inconsistent administrative powers in the Urumqi military-civilian district,manage the Manchu garrison stationed there,and the reinforcement of control over eastern Xinjiang.The Urumqi Commander-in-Chief oversaw both the Manchu garrison and the Green Standard Army,as well as officials within the Zhendi Circuit's prefectures,sub-prefectures,and counties.Additionally,the Commander-in-Chief supervised and monitored the Uyghur and Torghut Zasak Princely Families within the region and was responsible for part of the military duties in the Kashgar military-civilian district.Although regulations stipulated that the Commander-in-Chief should be subordinate to the General,both positions held equal ranks and had comparable forces.Consequently,the Qing Dynasty effectively established two military systems in Xinjiang.After Xinjiang was designated as a province,Urumqi was chosen as the provincial capital.One of the key reasons for this decision was that during the period of the military system,the Urumqi military-civilian district had developed more rapidly and comprehensively than other regions,thus laying a solid foundation for its future role as the provincial capital.

关 键 词：清朝 新疆 乌鲁木齐都统 两军府制 

分 类 号：K82[历史地理—历史学]