话轮转换的认知机制  

The Cognitive Mechanism Underlying the Process of Turn-taking

作　　者：于文勃 梁丹丹[1,2] YU Wenbo;LIANG Dandan(the School of Chinese Language and Literature,Nanjing Normal University)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学文学院 [2]中国科学技术大学语言交叉研究中心

出　　处：《当代语言学》2025年第1期146-158,共13页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目“发展视角下汉语高功能自闭症儿童会话同步的行为和神经研究”(23YJC740083);江苏省社会科学基金青年项目“汉语高功能自闭症儿童话轮加工的神经机制研究”(23YYC012)资助。

摘　　要：话轮转换是会话运转的基本机制。话轮转换研究中最常用的方法是会话分析,这一方法通常采用描写的方式归纳话轮转换过程中的语言特征,但难以揭示话轮转换背后的认知神经过程。采用心理语言学和神经语言学技术可以窥探大脑如何实现话轮转换过程,相关研究成果基本认可大脑在话轮转换中主要利用韵律线索判断转换关联位置,并且会提前准备产出的言语内容,同时还会即时加工语用信息。本文除了对这些认知过程进行介绍外,还提出未来的研究可以在三个方面继续深入。首先,进行对话过程中的在线研究;其次,加强会话分析和心理学实验的联合研究;最后,关注个体话轮转换能力的发展轨迹。Conversation is the fundamental medium through which human language is expressed,and turn-taking forms its primary ecological niche.While conversation analysis(CA)provides a robust framework for describing the principles and characteristics of turn-taking such as Sacks'insights into how turns are allocated,CA relies on“off-line”data from recordings or transcripts of conversations,which is less concerned with the mental processes of participants during conversation.In contrast,researches on psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics offer insights into how the brain functions during turn-taking among two or more interlocutors.Over the past decade,a large number of studies have investigated the cognitive processes involved in turn-taking.This article synthesizes the findings from these studies.While earlier research emphasized the role of semantic and grammatical cues in guiding turn-taking,recent work suggests that interlocutors also rely heavily on prosodic cues to identify transition-relevance places.Moreover,prosodic information may play an even more significant role than previously thought.Additionally,event-related potential(ERP)studies reveal that the brain begins preparing the content of the next turn as soon as it gathers sufficient information,rather than waiting for the current speaker to finish.This finding supports the early planning model and aligns corpus-based analyses showing that turn-taking in conversation is rapid and seamless,which greatly enhances the efficiency of conversation.Conversations also contain rich pragmatic information.Research shows that interlocutors process this information in real-time,as reflected in EEG data capturing both time-domain and frequency-domain responses.Beyond summarizing these three cognitive processes,namely prosody,early planning,and real-time pragmatic processing,this article also explores future research directions.First,we note that many studies reviewed here rely on a“question-answer”experimental paradigm,which limits the ecological validity of findings

关 键 词：话轮转换 转换关联位置 心理语言学 神经语言学 

分 类 号：H0-05[语言文字—语言学]