经典名方中萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓类药材的本草考证  

Herbal Textual Research on Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma,Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma,Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma and Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas

作　　者：逯莉[1] 杨祎辰 王二欢 常晖 安莉 王仕宝[3] 马存德[1,2] 詹志来 LU Li;YANG Yichen;WANG Erhuan;CHANG Hui;AN Li;WANG Shibao;MA Cunde;ZHAN Zhilai(Shaanxi University of International Trade&Commerce,Xianyang 712046,China;Shaanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd.,Xiʹan 710075,China;School of Pharmacy,Hanzhong Vocational and Technical College,Hanzhong 723000,China;State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西国际商贸学院,陕西咸阳712046 [2]陕西步长制药有限公司,西安710075 [3]汉中职业技术学院药学院,陕西汉中723000 [4]中国中医科学院中药资源中心,道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室,北京100700

出　　处：《中国实验方剂学杂志》2025年第5期218-247,共30页Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae

基　　金：陕西省教育厅重点科学研究计划项目(协同创新中心项目23JY008);中央本级重大增减支项目(2060302)。

摘　　要：该文通过查阅历代文献资料,从名称、基原、产地、品质、采收加工、炮制、功效等方面对萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓三类药材进行了系统梳理与考证,为含这些药材的经典名方的开发利用提供参考。萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓类药材应用历史悠久,但因三者生长环境、药材性状相似,且都具有利湿、祛风、除痹的作用,因此历代存在同名异物、同物异名现象,以致基原混淆,故有必要对三者进行对比分析,系统考证,厘清三者历史发展与变迁脉络,为安全有效用药提供依据。经考证可知,萆薢始载于《神农本草经》,历史上有百枝、赤节、竹木等别名。从古代到20世纪中叶,一直存在薯蓣属植物的根茎和菝葜属植物根茎,甚至是肖菝葜属植物的根茎同时混作萆薢药材使用的情况,但自唐代明确推崇薯蓣属植物的根茎品质佳,为历代萆薢的主流。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》将其分为粉萆薢和绵萆薢2种药材,其中粉萆薢的来源为薯蓣科植物粉背薯蓣Dioscorea hypoglauca的干燥根茎;绵萆薢的来源为薯蓣科植物绵萆薢D.spongiosa和福州薯蓣D.futschauensis的干燥根茎。古代萆薢因种类不同其相应产地也不同,现萆薢主产于长江以南地区。萆薢的品质自唐代以来以色白绵软者为佳,近代以来则总结以色白、片大而薄、有粉性、质韧有弹性、整齐不碎者为佳。萆薢的采收时间均为春秋二季,以秋采质佳,炮制方法主流为切片后生用或酒浸炒干。菝葜始载于《名医别录》,历史上有金刚根、铁菱角、铁刷子等别名,历代主流来源为百合科菝葜Smilax china的干燥根茎,品质以质韧富含粉性者为佳,采收时间为秋末至次年春采挖,历代主流炮制方法为切片生用。土茯苓最早记载于《本草经集注》“禹余粮”条下,单列为独立药材始于《本草纲目》,历史上有草禹余粮、冷饭团、仙遗粮、土萆薢等别名,历代This article systematically reviews and verifies the medicinal materials of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma(DHR),Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma(DSR),Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma(SCR)and Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma(SGR)from the aspects of name,origin,producing area,quality,harvesting,processing and efficacy by consulting historical literature,in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing the four medicinal materials.DHR,DSR,SCR and SGR have a long history of application as medicinal materials.However,due to their similar growth environment and medicinal properties,as well as their functions of promoting dampness,dispelling wind and removing numbness,there have been instances of homonymous foreign objects and homonymous synonyms throughout history,resulting in confusion of the origin.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct comparative analysis and systematic research for clarifying the historical development and changes of the four,in order to provide a basis for safe and effective medication.According to research,Bixie was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing and has been historically known as Baizhi,Chijie,Zhumu,and other aliases.From ancient times to the mid-20th century,there has always been a situation where the rhizomes of Dioscorea plants and Smilax plants,and even the rhizomes of Heterosmilax plants,were mixed together to be used as medicinal herbs for Bixie.However,since the Tang dynasty,it has been clearly advocated that the rhizomes of Dioscorea plants have excellent quality and have been the mainstream throughout history.The 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia categorized it into two types of medicinal herbs(DHR and DSR).Among them,the origin of DHR is the dry rhizomes of Dioscorea hypoglauca,and the origins of DSR are the dry rhizomes of D.spongiosa and D.futschauensis.In ancient times,due to different types,the corresponding production areas of DHR and DSR were also different.Nowadays,They are mainly produced in the southern region of the Yangtze River

关 键 词：萆薢 菝葜 土茯苓 本草考证 基原 产地 品质评价 炮制方法 

分 类 号：R277[医药卫生—中医学] R931[文化科学—图书馆学] G254