免耕覆盖提升土壤水分利用和马铃薯产量的协同效应  

Synergistic Effects of No-tillage Combined with Mulching on Improving Soil Moisture Use and Potato Yield

作　　者：韩固 侯贤清[1] 段瑞兵 马媛 刘亚楠 李荣[1] HAN Gu;HOU Xianqing;DUAN Ruibing;MA Yuan;LIU Yanan;LI Rong(School of Agriculture,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China;Experimental Center of Desert Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry,Dengkou,Inner Mongolia 015200,China)

机构地区：[1]宁夏大学农学院,银川750021 [2]中国林业科学研究院沙漠林业实验中心,内蒙古磴口015200

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2025年第1期120-129,共10页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32160515);宁夏自然科学基金项目(2023AAC03150,2023AAC03149)。

摘　　要：[目的]针对宁夏南部山区春旱与春寒并重、土壤有效耕层浅等问题,为探究免耕覆盖对提升土壤水分利用和马铃薯产量的协同效应。[方法]于2014—2016年连续3 a在秋作物收获后设置免耕覆盖秸秆(NJ)、免耕覆盖地膜(ND)、免耕不覆盖(NB)3种不同免耕覆盖模式,以翻耕不覆盖为对照(CK),分析休闲期免耕覆盖模式对宁南旱区土壤蓄水保墒效果、降水利用和马铃薯产量的影响。[结果]休闲期土壤蓄水量和蓄水效率均在相对枯水年以ND处理最高,分别较CK提高7.60%和140.35%;平水年和枯水年均以NJ处理最高,分别较CK显著提高11.18%、65.43%、28.42%和122.72%。NJ处理在平水年、枯水年苗期-收获期及相对枯水年蕾期-收获期土壤蓄水量最高,分别平均较CK提高10.51%、12.89%、20.04%;ND处理在相对枯水年苗期土壤蓄水量较CK显著提高11.42%。免耕覆盖秸秆处理对相对枯水年马铃薯现蕾-膨大期100~140 cm土层,平水年40~100 cm土层、枯水年0~40、100~160 cm土层土壤蓄水效果最佳,免耕覆盖地膜处理对平水年和枯水年180~200 cm土层土壤蓄水效果最佳。在相对枯水年生育前期(播种-现蕾期)和枯水年生育中期(现蕾-膨大期)ND处理耗水量分别较CK显著提高22.26%和36.57%;NJ处理在相对枯水年和枯水年生育后期(膨大-收获期)、平水年生育中后期(现蕾-收获期)耗水量分别平均较CK显著提高1.21、7.14倍和13.91%。马铃薯产量在相对枯水年以NJ处理最高,较CK显著提高51.80%;平水年和枯水年ND处理分别较CK显著提高6.35%和71.36%。通过相关性分析发现,苗期-现蕾期耗水量对产量的形成起重要作用,块茎形成-收获期耗水量对提高产量和水分利用效率起至关重要作用。年降水利用效率、生育期降水利用效率及水分利用效率均在相对枯水年以NJ处理效果较佳,分别较CK显著提高51.79%、51.80%和50.52%;ND处理在平水年和枯水年平均分别较CK显�[Objective]Considering the severity of both spring drought and spring cold,and shallow effective topsoil in the southern mountainous areas of Ningxia Province,synergistic effects of no tillage combined with mulching on improving soil moisture use and potato yield were investigated.[Methods]From 2014 to 2016,three different no-tillage mulching modes,including no-tillage straw mulching(NJ),no-tillage mulching film(ND),no-tillage no mulching(NB),and no-tillage no mulching as control(CK),were set up after autumn crops were harvested for three consecutive years.The effects of no-tillage with mulching mode on soil moisture retention,precipitation utilization and potato yield in arid region of southern Ningxia were analyzed.[Results]Soil water storage and water storage efficiency during the fallow period were the highest under ND treatment,which increased by 7.60%and 140.35%compared with CK,respectively;Those in normal year and dry year were the highest under NJ treatment,which were increased significantly by 11.18%and 65.43%,and 28.42%and 122.72%compared with CK,respectively.NJ treatment had the highest soil water storage from the seedling stage to harvest in normal and dry years,and from the budding stage to harvest in relatively dry years,which was increased by 10.51%,12.89%and 20.04%,respectively,compared with CK.ND treatment significantly increased soil water storage by 11.42%compared with CK at the seedling stage in relatively dry years.The no-tillage and straw mulching treatment has the best soil water storage effect from the budding stage to swelling stage of potatoes in relatively dry years,specifically in the 100—140 cm layer,the 40—100 cm layer in normal years,the 0—40 cm layer in dry years,and the 100—160 cm layer.The no-tillage and plastic mulching treatment had the best soil water storage effect on the 180—200 cm layer in normal and dry years.The water consumption in ND treatment was 22.26%and 36.57%higher than that in CK in early growth stage(sowing-budding stage)and middle growth stage(budding-

关 键 词：降水年型 免耕覆盖 土壤水分 马铃薯产量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S532.0[农业科学—作物学]