美国人权外交中的“双重标准”——基于对卡特与里根政府人权政策的考察  

“Double Standards”in U.S.Human Rights Diplomacy:An Examination of Human Rights Policies under the Carter and Reagan Administrations

作　　者：赵健舟 ZHAO Jianzhou(School of Law,Nanjing Normal University)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学法学院 [2]南京师范大学涉外法治学院

出　　处：《人权法学》2025年第1期45-63,156,157,共21页Journal of Human Rights Law

基　　金：2024年度江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目“‘规则秩序’下美西方法律话语霸权挑战与应对机制研究”(2024SJYB0185)。

摘　　要：“双重标准”,即以主观甚至政治化立场衡量、评判、执行法律标准及规范,是美国外交领域被特别关注和批判研究的重要议题。从殖民主义与霸权主义的历史连续性角度思考,美国人权外交中的“双重标准”问题同冷战时期的人权政策起伏更迭具有密切联系。在大国竞争的冷战环境中,卡特政府尽可能地追求一种一以贯之、反对区别对待的人权立场,倡导人权主体、代际、发展方式的多元化,但仍不免于受冷战政治与意识形态的现实影响。里根政府奉行保守的人权外交政策,明确将“双重标准”视为服务于美国国家安全及战略利益的理由与工具,塑造了一套以权力斗争和现实政治为核心的人权叙事,其针对拉丁美洲国家实施的人权政策充分显示出“双重标准”的政治性、非道德性与非人化色彩。卡特政府人权政策的失败与里根政府“双重标准”的崛起共同证明了美国人权外交的固有问题:缔造人权标准、掌握话语权力、操纵国际制度、否认对手资格的扩张性特征持续地存在于其思想脉络之中。在当代国际社会,“双重标准”的直接挑战与长期隐患都应得到审慎思考。“Double standards”,defined as the subjective or politicized evaluation,judgment,and enforcement of legal standards and norms,constitutes a significant topic of special attention and critical study in the realm of U.S.diplomacy.The ideal blueprint proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—a“common standard”of human rights for the international community—was inevitably subjected to the impact and disruption of“double standards”under the influence of the ensuing Cold War.From the perspective of the historical continuity of colonialism and hegemony,the issue of“double standards”in contemporary U.S.human rights diplomacy is closely intertwined with its fluctuations and shifts in human rights policies during the Cold War era.The Carter Administration,as the first to institutionalize“human rights diplomacy”,demonstrated a greater respect for the plurality of human rights subjects,generations,and developmental modes.It sought to uphold a consistent human rights stance that rejected differential treatment.However,constrained by the political realities of the Cold War,national interests,and ideological limitations,the Carter Administration fell short of genuinely implementing the concept of human rights pluralism.Its policy practices involved questionable trade-offs that undermined its stated principles.While the administration contributed positively to the dissemination of human rights ideas and alleviated suffering in certain regions,it ultimately failed to consistently oppose the practice of“double standards”,leaving its broader objectives unrealized.The Reagan Administration adopted a conservative stance on human rights diplomacy,explicitly employing“double standards”as both a justification and a tool to advance national security and strategic interests.This approach gave rise to a human rights narrative rooted in power struggles and realpolitik.In its human rights policies toward Latin American countries,the Reagan Administration openly established ideological boundaries,d

关 键 词：美国人权外交 里根政府 卡特政府 双重标准 二元决定论 

分 类 号：D998.2[政治法律—国际法学]