如何消除“定罪污点”:基本权利视域下的德国犯罪记录制度  

On Eliminating the“Stigma of Criminality”:The German Criminal Record System from the Perspective of Fundamental Rights

作　　者： 曾聪(译) Christine Morgenstern;ZENG Cong(Translated)(Faculty of Law,Ruhr University Bochum,Germany;School of Criminal Justice,China University of Political Science and Law)

机构地区：[1]德国波鸿鲁尔大学法学院 [2]中国政法大学刑事司法学院

出　　处：《人权法学》2025年第1期78-96,159,160,共21页Journal of Human Rights Law

摘　　要：“定罪污点”是指有罪判决对罪犯产生的额外负担与“污名化”效应,这一“污点”往往借助犯罪记录的方式得以呈现。德国《联邦中央登记册法》确立的犯罪记录制度,被认为有利于司法机关评估罪犯的风险、公共行政部门维护国家声誉、私营企业规避经营风险等。但是,“定罪污点”在刑事司法中直接影响了法官的刑罚裁量,严重阻碍了犯罪人的就业基本权利。从犯罪学视角来看,这种额外负担与污名化不利于有前科者的再社会化。对此,有必要考虑整合刑法理论和犯罪学知识,发展出一套内在融贯的犯罪记录制度。一方面,不能仅根据刑法预防目的证成犯罪记录制度的合法性,实证研究表明将删除犯罪记录视作“用橡皮擦去定罪污点”的做法并不能实现犯罪预防,而应从复权与再社会化的角度,根据德国《联邦中央登记册法》与法学理论展开更为充分的探讨。另一方面,应赋予主审法官将有罪判决载入犯罪记录的裁量权力,并适当限制私营企业、公共行政部门及司法机关对犯罪记录的查阅。The“Stigma of Criminality”refers to the burdens and stigma arising from guilty verdicts,often manifested through criminal records.Although criminal records do not constitute a judgment or sanction within the state's penal system,they remain an inseparable aspect of the punitive effects imposed by the state.The Act on the Central Criminal Register in Germany restricts access to criminal records,primarily for use within the criminal justice system and certain administrative procedures;private individuals are generally not entitled to full access.Criminal records serve various functions,aiding the judiciary in assessing offenders'risks,helping public administrative bodies safeguard national reputations,and assisting private enterprises in mitigating operational risks.However,the“Stigma of Criminality”directly influences judicial discretion in sentencing and significantly impedes offenders'rights to employment.From a criminological perspective,such burdens hinder the reintegration of individuals with prior convictions into society.The principle of responsibility,rooted in the protection of human dignity and personal autonomy,mandates safeguarding the integrity of convicted individuals'citizenship.Citizens'rights should only be curtailed to the extent necessary for sanctions,and the right to reintegration constitutes a vital component of constitutional rights protection.The legitimacy of criminal record systems lacks justification on preventive grounds,as empirical studies indicate that predictions based solely on prior convictions are often unconvincing.Viewing the deletion of criminal records as“erasing the stigma of criminality”does not necessarily lead to improved crime prevention.A more comprehensive discourse should focus on restoring rights and reintegration,informed by Germany's Act on the Central Criminal Register and legal theory,which emphasizes restoring offenders'social status and quality of life post-sentencing.Recognizing criminal records as significant factors in judicial proceedings and ac

关 键 词：“定罪污点” 附随后果 犯罪记录 再社会化 

分 类 号：D917[政治法律—法学]