西安杜城遗址炭化植物遗存揭示的关中多元农作物结构的发展过程  

The carbonized plant remains at the Ducheng site reveal a diverse crop composition structure that has developed in the Guanzhong region

作　　者：夏欣雨 田多[1] 强玉为 夏培朝 种建荣 XIA Xinyu;TIAN Duo;QIANG Yuwei;XIA Peichao;CHONG Jianrong(China-Central Asia"the Belt and Road"Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation,School of Culture Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology,Xi'an 710109,China)

机构地区：[1]中国-中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室,文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室,西北大学文化遗产学院,西安710127 [2]陕西省考古研究院,西安710109

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2025年第1期255-266,共12页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项项目(批准号:2022JZDZ026);国家社会科学基金哲学社会科学领军人才项目(批准号:22VRC032);全国考古人才振兴计划项目(批准号:2024-267)共同资助。

摘　　要：关中地区是旱作农业的重要区域之一,诸多研究为揭示该地区的农业发展规律奠定了坚实基础。但目前已开展的研究多集中于史前时期,缺乏历史时期的研究,还缺乏针对同一遗址的多时代综合研究。位于关中中部的杜城遗址集中发现了仰韶晚期、春秋战国、秦汉和唐宋时期的遗存,为研究该地区农业发展历史提供了良好素材。陕西省西安市雁塔区杜城遗址Ⅰ区的植物考古浮选工作共发现27513粒农作物以及120477粒非农作物种子。遗址植物遗存的统计分析表明,自仰韶中晚期开始,遗址先民已经形成了以粟为主、黍次之的旱地农作物利用模式,并存在小规模的稻米利用;春秋战国时期,小麦和大豆开始出现在农作物组合中,奠定了农作物多元化的基础;秦汉和唐宋时期,关中地区的多元农业结构逐步成熟,小麦在农作物组合中的比例逐渐上升,最终与粟共同成为关中地区两大粮食作物。杜城遗址的研究结果揭示了关中地区以旱地作物为核心,多元农作物组合动态变化的长期历史特征,为厘清关中地区的农业发展历程提供了参考。The Ducheng site(34.18°N,108.91°E)is located in the central part of the Guanzhong Plain and has revealed remains from the late Yangshao period,the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,and the Qin,Han,Tang,and Song dynasties.Based on the artifacts and remains,Area I of the Ducheng site is identified as a handicraft workshop where ceramic molds for making agricultural tools were found,providing valuable material for studying the history of agricultural development in the region.During the excavation,a total of 499 soil samples,amounting to 6222 liters,were collected from house foundations,ash pits,stove pits,and other features.These included 20 samples(242 liters)from the late Yangshao period,145 samples(1831 liters)from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,324 samples(4011 liters)from the Qin and Han periods,and 10 samples(138 liters)from the Tang and Song periods.The flotation work conducted in Area I of the Ducheng site uncovered seeds from 61 plant taxa.These included 27513 grains from six crops:foxtail millet(Setaria italica),broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum),rice(Oryza sativa),wheat(Triticum aestivum),barley(Hordeum vulgare),and soybeans(Glycine max),and 120477 other seeds such as Setaria viridis,Digitaria sanguinalis,Chenopodium album,Portulaca oleracea,etc.Statistical analysis of the plant remains from the site indicates that since the mid-late Neolithic period,the inhabitants of the site had developed a dryland farming model primarily based on foxtail millet,with broomcorn millet as a secondary crop,and small-scale utilization of rice.During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,wheat and soybeans began to appear in the crop assemblage,laying the foundation for agricultural diversification.From the Qin and Han to the Tang and Song periods,the multi-crop agricultural structure in the Guanzhong region gradually matured,with the proportion of wheat in the crop assemblage increasing,eventually making wheat and foxtail millet the two main staple crops of the region.The finding

关 键 词：植物考古 关中平原 农业 仰韶文化 秦汉时期 唐宋时期 

分 类 号：K871.13[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]