青藏高原东北部新石器晚期聚落选址与预测——以庄浪河流域为例  

Spatial predictive modeling of late Neolithic settlements in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study in Zhuanglang River basin

作　　者：张鹏 杨谊时[1,2] 张山佳[3] 杨晓燕 ZHANG Peng;YANG Yishi;ZHANG Shanjia;YANG Xiaoyan(Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Lanzhou 730000,China;Key Scientific Research Base of Bioarchaeology in Cold and Arid Regions,National Cultural Heritage Administration,Lanzhou University&Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Lanzhou 730000,China;Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,College of Earth and Environmental Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省文物考古研究所,兰州730000 [2]寒区旱区生物考古国家文物局重点科研基地(兰州大学-甘肃省文物考古研究所),兰州730000 [3]兰州大学资源环境学院西部环境教育部重点实验室,兰州730000

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2025年第1期267-282,共16页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：甘肃省文物保护科学和技术研究项目(批准号:GSWW202238)资助。

摘　　要：考古遗址预测模型被广泛应用于考古研究和文化遗产管理领域,对重建古聚落分布格局及研究古代人地关系的适应过程极为重要。青藏高原东北部河谷地貌是新石器时期先民开展定居生活和向高原拓展的重要通道,其中的庄浪河流域更是连接青藏高原、陇西黄土高原和河西走廊的关键节点。本研究在庄浪河流域进行了系统的考古调查,确定含有马家窑文化马厂时期遗存的聚落遗址20处,年代范围为4200~4000 cal.a B. P.;在此基础上,基于对聚落现代水文地貌特征和空间分布形态的认识,利用地图代数法对该流域可能存在遗址的区域进行了预测,新发现9处遗址,并经实地考古调查得到了验证。结合古代水文状况、地貌形态、生业模式和社会意识等,分析该区域新石器晚期聚落的选址特征和影响因素,结果表明:1)在单个遗址的微环境尺度上,聚落倾向于选择取水便捷、地势平坦、日照充足、避免水患的河岸高地,可能与阶地形成年代、频发的水患以及生业模式对土地资源、水源和日照辐射的需求有关;2)在流域尺度上,聚落沿河呈带状集中分布在南北两个区域,具有“相聚成群”、“以大带小”的空间特征,可能与社会组织的主动性选择相关。与周边区域对比,不同环境下同时期聚落选址策略差异显著。本研究提出的遗址预测方法在河谷盆地具有更好的适用性,为提高田野考古调查效率,以及认识青藏高原东北部史前人地关系演变过程及影响因素提供了有价值的研究案例。Prediction models of archaeological site is widely used in both archaeological research and cultural heritage management due to its significance in reconstructing distribution patterns of ancient settlements and studying how ancient people adapted geographically.During Neolithic period,the river valley in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau served as crucial pathways for the ancient people to spread to the Plateau and ideal place to settle down.Zhuanglang River basin in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is a pivotal nexus linking Tibetan Plateau to Loess Plateau and Hexi Corridor.Here,we conducted a comprehensive archaeological investigation within Zhuanglang River basin(36°12'55″~36°56'36″N,102°57'22″~103°38'38″E)and 20 archaeological settlements containing remnants of the Machang period(4200~4000 a B.P.)were identified based on pottery type/decoration comparisons,as well as contemporaneous artifacts.Furthermore,we dated carbonized millet samples retrieved from sites of Xuejiaping,Xiaohonggoukou,and Dashagou by AMS 14C to confirm the ages of the sites.Building upon these findings,we analyzed modern hydrogeomorphological features and the spatial distribution of settlements.Notably,the settlements are all higher than the relative height of the second terrace and angle of slope less than 15°.Slope aspect mostly facing east,south-east,south or southwest make up 85%while only 15%facing north.All settlements are located at a distance of less than 1200 meters from the front edge of the terrace and were distributed mainly in two clusters.Integrating all the analysis above,GIS software was then utilized to reclassify data by assigning specific values:(1)Slope angle<15°was assigned a value of 1,others a value of 0;(2)Slope aspect facing north,east,south-east,south or southwest was assigned a value of 1,others 0;(3)Assign a value of 1 to the inner grids within the 1200 m-zone ranging outside the front edge of the terrace;(4)Assign the nonzero grid obtained by kernel density analysis as 1.Based on the above r

关 键 词：黄河上游流域 新石器晚期 空间分析 聚落选址 地图代数法 

分 类 号：K871.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]