黏土锂矿资源开发技术的研究进展  

Research progress in the development technology of clay lithium ore resources

作　　者：王宇 付云枫 张海洋 周博 刘召波 魏甲明 严大洲[1] WANG Yu;FU Yunfeng;ZHANG Haiyang;ZHOU Bo;LIU Zhaobo;WEI Jiaming;YAN Dazhou(China ENFI Engineering Corporation,Beijing 100038,China;China Minmetals Corporation,Beijing 100010,China)

机构地区：[1]中国恩菲工程技术有限公司,北京100038 [2]中国五矿集团有限公司,北京100010

出　　处：《中国有色冶金》2025年第1期42-51,共10页China Nonferrous Metallurgy

摘　　要：自然界含锂黏土矿物主要有锂云母(多锂云母和三锂云母)、锌华粒岩、镁铝云母、硅铝云母、锂云母等,本文综述了含锂黏土矿物的结构和性质以及酸化法、碱化法等处理工艺的对比,研究指出多数含锂黏土矿物具有2∶1的层状结构,即两层硅氧四面体之间夹着一层铝氧八面体,这种结构为锂离子的嵌入提供了空间。锂离子能够通过矿化作用或同构替代的方式固定在矿物晶体的层间位置,从而实现锂的富集。目前,针对含锂黏土矿物的处理工艺主要包括酸化法和碱化法。酸化法与碱化法其原理都是利用酸或碱与矿物中的锂发生化学反应,使锂离子从矿物结构中解离出来,进而实现锂的提取。然而,这类方法也存在一些亟待解决的问题。在反应机制方面,目前对酸与矿物相互作用的微观过程理解还不够深入,这限制了进一步优化工艺的可能性。在过程优化上,如何提高锂的提取率、降低酸的用量以及缩短反应时间等都是需要研究的方向。设备设计方面,现有的设备可能无法完全适应酸化法的特殊要求。此外,试剂回收和废物处理也是制约酸化法大规模应用的重要因素。因此,如何高效回收试剂、安全处理废物是未来需要重点攻克的难题。In nature,lithium-bearing clay minerals primarily include lepidolite(polylithionite and trilithionite),zinnwaldite,hectorite,saponite,and others.This article reviews the structure and properties of lithium-bearing clay minerals and compares treatment processes such as acidification and alkalization.Studies indicate that most lithium-bearing clay minerals have a 2∶1 layered structure,where a layer of aluminum-oxygen octahedra is sandwiched between two layers of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra.This structure provides space for the intercalation of lithium ions.Lithium ions can be fixed in the interlayer positions of the mineral crystals through mineralization or isomorphous substitution,thereby achieving lithium enrichment.Currently,the treatment processes for lithium-bearing clay minerals mainly include acidification and alkalization methods.Both methods rely on chemical reactions between acids or bases and the lithium in the minerals to dissociate lithium ions from the mineral structure,enabling lithium extraction.However,these methods also face several challenges that need to be addressed.In terms of reaction mechanisms,the current understanding of the microscopic processes of acid-mineral interactions is not yet thorough,which limits the potential for further process optimization.In process optimization,improving lithium extraction rates,reducing acid consumption,and shortening reaction times are key areas of research.In equipment design,existing setups may not fully meet the specific requirements of acidification methods.Additionally,reagent recovery and waste treatment are significant factors restricting the large-scale application of acidification methods.Therefore,efficiently recovering reagents and safely managing waste are critical challenges that need to be addressed in the future.

关 键 词：含锂黏土矿物 锂云母 酸化法 碱化法 试剂回收 废物处理 

分 类 号：TF826.3[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]